<p>The Morgan–Manning House is a historic house located in Brockport, Monroe County, New York. It was built in 1854 and is a two-story, Italianate–style brick dwelling on a limestone foundation. The five-by-four-bay main block features a hipped roof and cupola. It has a two-story hipped roof wing with a smaller two-story brick appendage creating a stepped, or telescoping, plan or profile. The house also has a full width porch with brick piers. The interior features elaborate interior woodwork, period plasterwork, stained glass and decorated ceilings. Also on the property is a contributing carriage house.</p><br>
<p>The home was originally built for John C. Ostrom and was purchased in 1867 by Dayton S. Morgan and his wife Susan Jocelyn Morgan. Dayton Morgan was a local industrialist whose foundry, the Globe Iron Works, produced the first hundred mechanized reapers for Cyrus McCormick. Mr Morgan went on to produce his own very successful mechanized reapers with business partner William Seymour. The house remained in the Morgan family for almost the next hundred years. The Morgan family remodeled many of the rooms on the main floor of the house in the late Victorian style, embellishing the rooms oak and cherry paneling and trim, and stained glass windows. Dayton Morgan died in 1890. His daughter Sara Morgan married physician Frederick Manning in the 1890s. After the early death of her husband, Mrs. Manning returned to Brockport with her young son Arnold, who died at age 21 in 1916. Sara Morgan Manning stayed on in her parents&#39; house until her death in 1964, at age 96, following a disastrous fire that swept through the house on September 26th of that year.</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Manning bequeathed her home to her community. A group of local citizens formed the Western Monroe Historical Society to restore and care for the house, which had become a local landmark. The damage from the fire has been repaired and the house is furnished to reflect the lifestyle of a wealthy canal town resident during the second half of the 19th century, through the first quarter of the 20th century. The Society&#39;s collection includes many portraits of locally prominent 19th-century residents and furnishings from local families.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It is designated as a Point of Interest on the Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>Sherman Hall is the main administrative building of Western Illinois University and site of the original Western Illinois State Normal School in Macomb, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Designed by Illinois architect Robert Watson, Sherman Hall is a three-story, mixed classical revival-style building. Construction on Sherman Hall began on December 21, 1900 at the cost of $302,950.</p><br>
<p>Sherman Hall opened to the public in 1902 as the main building of Western Illinois State Normal School. Sherman Hall was the school&#39;s only building until Garwood Hall was built in 1914. At the turn of the 20th century, the hall contained classrooms, an auditorium, a gymnasium, a library, laboratories and administrative offices.</p><br>
<p>The building was referred to as the "Main Building" until it was renamed in honor of Lawrence Sherman, an influential Macomb lawyer and speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives, in 1956.</p><br>
<p>Sherman Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 as "Western Illinois State Normal School Building." This listing also encompasses nearby Garwood Hall because it is linked to Sherman Hall by a passageway as well as the Western Illinois University Art Gallery because it was the original heating annex for Sherman Hall.</p><br>
<p>Fort C. F. Smith was a military post established in the Powder River country by the United States Army in the southern portion of the Montana Territory on August 12, 1866, during Red Cloud&#39;s War. Established by order of Col. Henry B. Carrington, it was one of five forts proposed to protect the Bozeman Trail against the Oglala Lakota , who saw the trail as a violation of the earlier 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie. The fort was abandoned two years later in 1868 and burned by the returning Sioux under Red Cloud.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The USA Army was ordered by the United States Department of War in the national capital of Washington, D.C. to build at least four additional forts in the Montana Territory (future State of Montana) to protect the Bozeman trail and wagon road after travel had become hazardous for any but the largest and best-armed parties. Colonel Henry B. Carrington (1824–1912), was given command of the effort, planning Fort C.F. Smith at the crossing of the Bighorn River, along with additional posts of Fort Phil Kearny to the east of the Bighorn Mountains, and Fort Reno on the Powder River. A fourth planned fort on the Clark Fork River was never built. It was the third Army post to hold the name of Gen. C. F. Smith (previous others in Arlington County, Virginia and in Bowling Green, Kentucky)., who was killed in the American Civil War (1861–1865).</p><br>
<p>Originally named Fort Ransom, the post was renamed in commemoration of Major General Charles Ferguson Smith (1807–1862). It included a 125-foot square stockade made of adobe and wood for protection, with bastions for concentrated defense. Two companies of the 18th Infantry Regiment (approximately 90–100 officers and men) were stationed at Fort Smith during 1866, and during the following year of 1867, the garrison complement was increased and consisted of 400 men of the 27th Infantry.</p><br>
<p>A large Sioux party unsuccessfully attacked civilian hay cutters guarded by 20 soldiers near the Fort in the Hayfield Fight in its second year of occupation in 1867. The Army finally abandoned Fort C.F. Smith after constant Indian protests and demands as a condition of the subsequent negotiated April 29 – November 6, 1868, of the second Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868.</p><br>
<p>The site of the fort is located on currently private land, on what is today the Crow Indian Reservation. It is just outside the nearby small town of Fort Smith, Montana. Since most of the old fort&#39;s buildings were made of adobe, after a century and a half, as of 2010, the foundations of the structures can still be seen as low earthen mounds rising a foot or two off the pasture. By looking carefully, the arrangement of buildings around the perimeter of the old parade ground can be discerned. A stone monument in the approximate center of the parade ground (placed in the 1930s) commemorates the fort site and briefly describes its history and significance. A wooden sign, in poor repair, marks the passing wagon route of the Bozeman Trail.</p><br>
<p>Fort C.F. Smith was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (maintained by the National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior) in 1975. It is included within Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, with 307 acre including six contributing sites.</p><br>
<p>The Smith-McDowell House is a brick mansion located in Asheville, North Carolina. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, it was the first mansion built in Asheville and is the oldest surviving brick structure in Buncombe County. Since October, 2023, the building is home to Asheville Museum of History.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Entrance with fanlight</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The house was constructed for James McConnell Smith on a portion of the land owned by his father, Colonel Daniel Smith, a Revolutionary War veteran. His businesses included a toll bridge across the French Broad River, the Buck Hotel, a tannery, a gristmill, a sawmill, and a mercantile. Smith&#39;s choice of brick for his farmhouse was a show of wealth as this building material was atypical for antebellum western North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>After Smith died in 1856, the estate and 13 people he enslaved were passed to his son, John Patton Smith. John died in 1859 without a will and the house and several of those enslaved were auctioned as part of his estate. The McDowells raised eight children in their home and added more enslaved people, eventually numbering approximately 40. The McDowells lived there until 1880 when post-Civil War financial difficulties forced them to sell.</p><br>
<p>In 1881, Alexander Garrett purchased and modernized the house, including connecting the summer kitchen to the main house and adding a solarium, Italianate windows, and a metal roof to replace the original wood shingles. Garret built the Oakland Inn down the road from his house and became the mayor of Victoria, a small community built on former Smith-McDowell plantation property. Garret died in 1897, leaving the house to his son, Robert, who sold the house and 6 acre to Dr. Charles Van Bergen for $10,000.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>Van Bergen hired Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., the son of the then-deceased Frederick Law Olmsted, to design a landscape plan for the property. Socialite Caroline Bates McKee purchased the house in 1909, followed by Brewster Chapman in 1913. Chapman hired architect Richard Sharp Smith, previously supervising architect for the construction of Biltmore, to redesign the interior of the main level. Changes included adding a side entrance, bathrooms, new mantles on the main level, mahogany doors, and oak flooring throughout. Exterior changes included adding decorative caps to the chimneys and the addition of a red slate roof.</p><br>
<p>In 1951, Smith–McDowell House was converted into classrooms (main level) and a dormitory (upper two levels) for a private high school.</p><br>
<p>Smith-McDowell House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The association opened Smith-McDowell House Museum on May 31, 1981. The museum was organized as a timeline house museum, showing how families lived during the late 19th and early 20th-centuries. It also featured changing exhibits relating to the history of Western North Carolina.</p><br>
<h3>21st Century</h3><br>
<p>In 2020, WNCHA purchased the house and the small parcel of surrounding land from the community college and began work on a new interpretive plan and interior restorations closer to the mansion&#39;s 1840s appearance. The walls were painted white and the baseboards a dark brown. In October 2023, the house reopened as the Asheville Museum of History with all new permanent exhibits.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The three-story Smith-McDowell House is a blend of architectural styles dating from its original 1840 construction and the additions completed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The original architect and builder of the house are unknown, although family tradition says the plans were brought from England. Also, the surviving original interior woodwork is similar to that made by Ephraim Clayton who was active in the area at the time.</p><br>
<p>The floor plan is typical of Federal style. It is a double-pile plan, Flemish bond, five-bay mansion that features a double-tier porch that is semi-engaged beneath an extension of its gable roof. Each three-bay end wall has a pair of chimneys. The brick walls are 12to20 in thick, with the interior plaster applied directly.</p><br>
<p>The original Federal character that dominated the house&#39;s exterior remains in the large fanlight above the front doors and in the delicacy of the front porch that is supported by twelve slender fluted columns (six on each level). The house has corbelled cornices that feature dentils. The exterior of the building at one time displayed penciling, and remnants remain in several spots.</p><br>
<p>Although much of the dwellings original Greek Revival interior woodwork was replaced during a Neoclassical style remodeling in 1913, the second floors mantels, window frames, and door frames are original, dating from the 1840s. A one-story semicircular solarium was added to the southern end wall in the late 1880s.</p><br>
<p>There are two remaining brick outbuildings from the plantation era, both located near the rear of the house: the summer kitchen, which is now attached to the main house, and a dependency formerly used for salt curing and as laundry.</p><br>
<h2>Asheville Museum of History.</h2><br>
<p>Today, Smith-McDowell House is owned and operated by the Western North Carolina Historical Association as the nonprofit Asheville Museum of History. The museum explores the history of the 23-county western North Carolina region through permanent and changing exhibits, educational programming, and special events. The permanent exhibit also covers the history of the land, the first inhabitants, the house, and the free and enslaved people who have lived there.</p><br>
<p>The Provincetown Historic District encompasses most of the dense urban center of Provincetown, Massachusetts. The district is roughly bounded to the north by USA Route 6; to the west by the west end of Commercial St. to the south by Provincetown Harbor; and to the east by the southeast end of Commercial St. It covers about 300 acres, and includes more than 1,000 buildings. Its historic character spans more than 200 years of settlement, from the citys early years as a fishing community, to its development as a summer resort area and artists colony beginning in the late 19th century. The district was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Four properties in the district are also individually listed.</p><br>
<h2>First Universalist Church</h2><br>
<p>The First Universalist Church, built in 1847, is the oldest church in Provincetown. Its "Christopher Wren" tower is thought to have been inspired by the famous English architect. It is now called the Unitarian Universalist Meeting House.</p><br>
<h2>Center Methodist Church (former)</h2><br>
<p>The Center Methodist Church church building is the current home of the Provincetown Public Library and former home of the town Heritage Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Provincetown Public Library (former)</h2><br>
<p>The former Provincetown Public Library building remained on the National Register after the library moved in 2005 to the Center Methodist Church, above.</p><br>
<h2>Provincetown Post Office</h2><br>
<p>The Provincetown Post Office Building on Commercial Street, still the town&#39;s only post office, was built in 1930. It is a brick two-story building with a loggia of three rounded arches.</p><br>
<p>Cornwall Iron Furnace is a designated National Historic Landmark that is administered by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission in Cornwall, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The furnace was a leading Pennsylvania iron producer from 1742 until it was shut down in 1883. The furnaces, support buildings and surrounding community have been preserved as a historical site and museum, providing a glimpse into Lebanon Countys industrial past. The site is the only intact charcoal-burning iron blast furnace in its original plantation in the Western Hemisphere. Established by Peter Grubb in 1742, Cornwall Furnace was operated during the American Revolution by his sons Curtis and Peter Jr. who were major arms providers to George Washington. Robert Coleman acquired Cornwall Furnace after the Revolution and became Pennsylvanias first millionaire. Ownership of the furnace and its surroundings was transferred to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1932.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Cornwall Iron Furnace was one of many ironworks that were built in Pennsylvania over a sixty-year period, from 1716 to 1776. There were at least 21 blast furnaces, 45 forges, four bloomeries, six steel furnaces, three slitting mills, two plate mills, and one wire mill in operation in Colonial Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The furnaces at Cornwall Furnace went through two stages of technology. Peter Grubb was born in Delaware about 1702 and settled in what is now Lebanon County in 1734. He bought about 300 acre of land rich in magnetite. Grubb also noticed that his land had the other natural resources needed to produce iron. Namely, vast stands of timber for the production of charcoal, running water to operate the bellows, and an ample supply of limestone needed to add flux to the smelting furnaces. Grubb&#39;s plans were further helped by the fact that the magnetite at Cornwall was either very close to or on the surface of his land. He was ready to venture into the iron business and set about the task of building an iron "plantation". These centers of iron production were usually located well away from the heavily cleared farmlands and were nestled in the Ridge and Valley section of Pennsylvania. Grubb constructed his furnaces, first a bloomery and later the more modern charcoal-fired blast furnace and the support buildings and mill village that was needed to house his workers. He named his operation Cornwall because his father, John Grubb had come from Cornwall, UK in 1677. Cornwall Iron Furnace was an excellent fit for the agricultural-based economy of the Thirteen Colonies. Iron was needed to make into tools, nails and weapons. The official policy of Great Britain frowned on manufacturing in the colonies, but England was no longer able to produce the needed iron for its needs let alone the needs of the colonists. In fact England had become dependent on importing iron from Sweden.</p><br>
<p>Peter Grubb was not really an ironmaster, but a builder. In 1745 he leased the ironworks to a consortium, Cury and Company, for 25 years and returned to Wilmington. The consortium continued the operation, with ownership passing to Peters sons, Curtis and Peter Jr., after his death in 1754. The brothers took over the operation in 1765 and ran it quite successfully until the late 1780s. Curtis operated the Cornwall Furnace and lived on site; circa 1773 he built the original 19 rooms of the mansion that still stands prominently next to the property. Peter Jr. ran a forge at Hopewell, refining the pig iron produced by the furnace into more valuable bar iron. The ironworks were major suppliers to the Revolutionary War effort, and George Washington once visited to inspect the operation. Unfortunately for the Grubb family, as described in Curtis Grubbs biography, they were unable to retain control of the operation after Curtis marriage in 1783. Most of the Grubbs holdings gradually fell into the hands of Robert Coleman, culminating in 1798. Coleman&#39;s son, William, was named manager of Cornwall Furnace and lived in the mansion; in 1865 the Colemans remodeled it into the 29-room structure known today as Buckingham Mansion.</p><br>
<h2>Iron Act</h2><br>
<p>In American Colonial history, the Iron Act, passed in 1750, was part of the British legislation designed to encourage the production of raw materials (including pig iron) in colonial America, but to restrict their manufacture there into finished iron goods. Existing manufacturing works could continue, but new ones for certain processes were prohibited.</p><br>
<h2>Bloomery</h2><br>
<p>The first furnace built by Peter Grubb at Cornwall Iron Furnace was a bloomery. Grubb built this in 1737 to test the market value of his ore. It was an economical way to test the market without having to invest in building the much more efficient and profitable blast furnace.</p><br>
<p>A bloomery is basically an enlarged blacksmith&#39;s hearth. It consists of a pit or chimney with heat-resistant walls made of earth, clay, or stone. (Sandstone was used at Cornwall.) Near the bottom, one or more clay pipes enter through the side walls. These pipes, called tuyeres, allow air to enter the furnace, either by natural draft or by forced with a bellows. An opening at the bottom of the bloomery may be used to remove the bloom, or the bloomery can be tipped over and the bloom removed from the bottom.</p><br>
<p>The first step taken before the bloomery can be used is the preparation of the charcoal and the iron ore. The charcoal is produced by heating wood to produce the nearly pure carbon fuel needed for the refining process. The ore is broken into small pieces and roasted in a fire to remove any moisture in the ore. Any large impurities in the ore can be crushed and removed. Since slag from previous blooms may have a high iron content, slag from previous blooms can be broken up and recycled into the bloomery with the new ore.</p><br>
<p>In operation, the bloomery is preheated by burning charcoal, and once hot, iron ore and additional charcoal are introduced through the top, in a roughly one-to-one ratio. Inside the furnace, carbon monoxide from the incomplete combustion of the charcoal reduces the iron oxides in the ore to metallic iron, without melting the ore; this allows the bloomery to operate at lower temperatures than the melting temperature of the ore. Since the desired product of a bloomery is easily forgeable, nearly pure iron, with a low carbon content, the temperature and ratio of charcoal to iron ore must be carefully controlled to keep the iron from absorbing the carbon and becoming unforgeable. Limestone could also be added to the bloomery, about 10% of the ore weight, which would act as flux and help carry away impurities.</p><br>
<p>The small particles of iron produced in this way fall to the bottom of the furnace and become welded together to form a spongy mass of the bloom. The bottom of the furnace also fills with molten slag, often consisting of fayalite, a compound of silicon, oxygen and iron mixed with other impurities from the ore. Because the bloom is highly porous, and its open spaces are full of slag, the bloom must later be reheated and beaten with a hammer to drive the molten slag out of it. Iron treated this way is said to be wrought, and the resulting nearly pure iron wrought iron.</p><br>
<h2>Blast furnace</h2><br>
<p>In 1742, Grubb replaced his bloomery with a 30 ft high charcoal-fired cold blast furnace. The blast furnace burned hotter than the bloomery and was able to render molten pig iron ("charcoal iron") from the ore.</p><br>
<p>A blast furnace relies on the fact that the unwanted silicon and other impurities are lighter than the molten iron that is the main product. Grubb&#39;s furnace was built in the form of a tall chimney-like structure lined with refractory brick. Charcoal, limestone and iron ore (iron oxide) were poured in at the top, and air was blown in through tuyeres near the base. The resulting "blast" promotes combustion of the charcoal (more modern furnaces use coke or even anthracite), creating a chemical reaction that reduces the iron oxide to the base metal which sinks to the bottom of the furnace. The exact nature of the reaction is:</p><br>
<p>Fe2O3 + 3 CO → 2Fe + 3CO2</p><br>
<p>More precisely, the compressed air blown into the furnace reacts with the carbon in the fuel to produce carbon monoxide, which then mixes with the iron oxide, reacting chemically to produce iron and carbon dioxide, which leaks out of the furnace at the top. In the beginning of the reaction cycle, the hot blast, also called "wind", containing pre-heated gas from Cowper stoves and air, is blasted into the furnace through tuyeres. The wind will ignite the coke and the Boudouard reaction will take place:</p><br>
<p>C + O2 → CO2</p><br>
<p>CO2 + C → 2 CO</p><br>
<p>The temperature in the furnace typically runs at about 1500 °C, which is enough to also decompose limestone (calcium carbonate) into calcium oxide and additional carbon dioxide:</p><br>
<p>CaCO3 → CaO + CO2</p><br>
<p>The calcium oxide reacts with various acidic impurities in the iron (notably silica), forming a slag containing calcium silicate, CaSiO3 which floats on the iron.</p><br>
<p>The pig iron produced by the blast furnace is not useful for most purposes due to its high carbon content, around 4-5%, making it very brittle. Some pig iron is used to make cast iron goods, often being remelted in a foundry cupola.</p><br>
<p>For other purposes further processing is needed to reduce the carbon content to enable iron to be used for tools or as a construction material. There have been various processes for this. The earliest process was conducted in the finery forge. In the late 18th century, this began to be displaced by potting and stamping, but the most successful new process of the Industrial Revolution period was puddling.</p><br>
<p>This is now done by forcing a jet of high-pressure oxygen into a special rotating container containing the pig iron. Some of the carbon is oxidised into carbon monoxide, CO, and carbon dioxide, CO2. This also oxidizes impurities in the pig iron. The container is rotated and the processed pig iron can be separated from the oxidised impurities. Before the mid 19th century, pig iron from the blast furnace was made into wrought iron, which is commercially pure iron. At that period, if steel was needed, particularly pure varieties of iron were heated with charcoal in a cementation furnace to produce blister steel (with about 1-2% carbon). This might be further purified using the crucible technique, but steel was too expensive to use on a large scale. However, with the introduction of the Bessemer process in the late 1850s and then other processes, the production of steel was dramatically increased. By the late 19th century most iron was being converted to steel before use.</p><br>
<h3>Charcoal</h3><br>
<p>The blast furnaces at Cornwall Furnace needed a tremendous amount of charcoal in order to keep them fired and thereby create a steady production of iron. The making of the charcoal became an industry in itself. Hardwood trees were chopped down, dried, stacked and fired in 30 to 40 ft pits. A collier carefully stacked the wood around a chimney. The stack of wood was covered with leaves and dirt and was set on fire in the center. The fires were allowed to smolder for ten to fourteen days, under the careful, round the clock, supervision of the collier. The colliers were careful to make sure that enough heat was produced to expel moisture, tar and other substances from the wood without burning the wood up entirely. Wood was not charred until just before it was needed to keep it from getting wet and becoming useless. The demand for charcoal was so tremendous that Cornwall Furnace used an entire acre of wood every day for making charcoal.</p><br>
<h3>Working at the furnace</h3><br>
<p>The furnace operated twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, except for when it was closed for repairs. Cornwall Iron Furnace was capable of producing 24 tons of iron a week. A large waterwheel powered the bellows. Carts loaded with charcoal passed to and fro between the coal barn and the furnace under a protective roof designed to keep the charcoal dry. Other wagons hauled the ore from the mine to the top of the furnace on the hillside. Workers then manually transported the charcoal and ore to the furnace. The guttermen worked at the base of the furnace. They raked the cooling sand and dug channels for the molten pig iron. Next, they stacked the bars of pig iron outside. The working conditions were very difficult. Temperatures inside the casting house reached as high as 160 °F (71 °C).</p><br>
<p>Such a massive and difficult iron and charcoal making operation need a massive and hardened workforce. The furnace alone needed as many as sixty people working around the clock in twelve-hour shifts. The iron works support staff included a company clerk, a host of teamsters, woodcutters, the colliers, farmers and household servants. There was a wide gap between the classes. Workers were housed in small homes and worked very hard for low wages. The owners and supervisors of the furnace lived in mansions with sizable servant staffs. Historians have likened life at the furnace to life in a feudal barony.</p><br>
<p>There were three groups of workers at Cornwall Iron Furnace: Free labor, indentured servants and slaves. Slavery was legal in Pennsylvania until it was gradually abolished beginning in 1780 when the importation of slaves was prohibited. The management of the furnace had quite a bit of trouble with the staff of indentured servants. These unskilled workers were imported from Germany, England and Ireland. Many of them worked at Cornwall for a short time before eventually running away.</p><br>
<h2>The Coleman legacy</h2><br>
<h3>Robert Coleman</h3><br>
<p>Robert Coleman rose from a holding clerkship at a prothonotarys office in Philadelphia to bookkeeper at Cornwall Iron Furnace to becoming Pennsylvanias first millionaire.</p><br>
<p>Coleman arrived in Philadelphia from Ireland in 1764. After serving as a clerk and bookkeeper he went on to acquire a lease on Salford Forge near Norristown in 1773 and immediately made a sizeable profit by manufacturing cannonballs and shot at Salford and Elizabeth Furnaces. He then used his profits to purchase a two thirds share of Elizabeth Furnace, shares of Cornwall and the Upper and Lower Hopewell Furnaces, (not the similarly named Hopewell Furnace), and ownership of Speedwell Forge. Soon Coleman was able to construct Colebrook Furnace, purchase the rest of Elizabeth Furnace and acquired 80% ownership of Cornwall Furnace and the ore mines nearby. His business acquisitions and the profits turned from them enabled him to become the first millionaire in the history of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h3>George Dawson Coleman</h3><br>
<p>George Dawson Coleman was the grandson of Robert Coleman and son of James Coleman. George Dawson Coleman married Deborah Brown of Philadelphia and had several children including Ann Coleman who moved to France and revitalized Château de Villandry (alongside her husband Joachim Carvallo).</p><br>
<p>George Dawson Coleman controlled much of the Coleman iron fortune with his brother, Robert. George acquired greater control of the ore mines at Cornwall and was able to experiment with iron furnaces that were fueled by anthracite coal instead of coke. He also invested in the expanding railroad, and built houses, a school and church for his employees. He was much loved by his community and went on to serve several times in the Pennsylvania State Legislature. (Several churches built by the Coleman family are still in existence in the area, and they are known as Coleman Chapels.)</p><br>
<p>George oversaw many improvements in production at Cornwall Iron Furnace. The bellows were replaced with "blowing tubs." The blowing tubs were piston-powered air pumps and containers that held compressed air and forced that air into the furnaces. The waterwheel was replaced by a steam engine in 1841. And the furnace stack was rebuilt in the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>The Colemans turned direct supervision of Cornwall Iron Furnace to John Reynolds in 1848, who acted as the guardian of the minor children of Thomas B. Coleman. He was the father of John F. Reynolds, a graduate of West Point. John Fulton Reynolds was commissioned a general and was the first Union General to fall at the Battle of Gettysburg. The elder Reynolds managed the furnace until his death in 1853.</p><br>
<h3>Robert Habersham Coleman</h3><br>
<p>Robert Habersham Coleman was the fourth and last generation scion of the Colemans. He shut the facility in 1883, opening new facilities for the company. In 1881, at the time he took over his familys business, Coleman was worth about seven million dollars. By 1889 he was estimated to be worth thirty million dollars. By 1893 the fortune had vanished. One of his homes, Cornwall Hall, was a "symbol of the rise, fame and decline of the "king" of Cornwall (Pennsylvania) during Americas Gilded Age."</p><br>
<h2>Downfall</h2><br>
<p>Cornwall Iron Furnace became obsolete by the 1880s. The Bessemer and open-hearth processes of creating steel, the replacement of charcoal with coke and anthracite coal, the discovery of iron deposits at the Iron Range in Minnesota near Lake Superior, and the building of modern factories in Pittsburgh, Steelton and Bethlehem brought about the end of iron production in Cornwall. Cornwall Furnace no longer earned a profit in its last ten years of operation and the last owner, Robert Habersham Coleman, had it shut down on February 11, 1883. In 1932, the furnace and ancillary buildings were deeded by Margaret Coleman Buckingham and have since been restored and open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Old Idaho Penitentiary State Historic Site was a functional prison from 1872 to 1973 in the western United States, east of Boise, Idaho. The first building, also known as the Territorial Prison, was constructed in the Territory of Idaho in 1870; the territory was seven years old when the prison was built, a full two decades before statehood.</p><br>
<p>From its beginnings as a single cell house, the penitentiary grew to a complex of several distinctive buildings surrounded by a 17 ft sandstone wall. The stone was quarried from the nearby ridges by the resident convicts, who also assisted in later constructions.</p><br>
<p>Less than 2 mi southeast of downtown Boise, the Old Idaho Penitentiary is operated by the Idaho State Historical Society; the elevation of the site is approximately 2,770 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Dennis, a kitten found in the prison barn by an inmate in 1952 was kept in the penitentiary for sixteen years. Guards allowed him to keep Dennis even though incarcerated men were not allowed pets. Dennis roamed the yard and made friends. The guards and inmates grew to love him. In 1968, Dennis died in his sleep. The inmates performed a funeral in his honor, even providing him a headstone. Dennis is the only "inmate" buried within the prison walls.</p><br>
<h2>Prison history</h2><br>
<p>Over its 101 years of operation, the penitentiary received more than 13,000 inmates, with a maximum population of a little over 600. Two hundred and sixteen of the inmates were women. Two famous inmates were Harry Orchard and Lyda Southard. Orchard assassinated former Governor Frank Steunenberg in 1905 and Southard was known as Idaho&#39;s Lady Bluebeard for killing several of her husbands to collect upon their life insurance.</p><br>
<p>Serious riots occurred in 1952 (May 24),</p><br>
<p>Five years earlier in 1968, numerous prison trusties had escaped by walking away.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, the Idaho State Historical Society recorded oral history interviews with fifteen former prison guards. These tapes and transcripts cover prison operations and remembrances from the 1950s to the closing of the prison. The collection is open for research at the society.</p><br>
<h2>Prison buildings</h2><br>
<p>The Territorial Prison was completed in 1872 and received its first 11 inmates from the Boise County Jail. This building was converted into a chapel in the 1930s and was destroyed by fire in the 1973 riot.</p><br>
<p>The New Cell House (1889–1890) consisted of three tiers of 42 steel cells. The third tier closest to the Rose Garden served as "Death Row."</p><br>
<p>The area now known as the Rose Garden (as this is what it is now) was once used to execute prisoners by hanging. Of the 10 executions in the Old State Penitentiary, six occurred here.</p><br>
<p>The Administration Building (1893–1894) housed the warden&#39;s office, armory, visitation room, control room, and turnkey area.</p><br>
<p>The False Front Building (1894–1895) held the commissary, trusty dorm, barber shop (1902–the 1960s), and hospital (originally the blacksmith shop, but was remodeled in 1912 and remained the prison hospital until the 1960s). The hospital was then converted into the social services office but burned down in the 1971 riot.</p><br>
<p>The Dining Hall (1898) was designed by George Hamilton (an inmate at the time) and burned down in the 1973 riot.</p><br>
<p>Cell House 2 (1899), also known as the North Wing, contained two-man cells. A honey bucket was placed in each cell to serve as a toilet. Inmates burned the building in the 1973 riot.</p><br>
<p>Cell House 3 (1899) was built the same as Cell House 2. It was eventually condemned for habitation, but in 1921 was converted into a shoe factory. In 1928, this building was remodeled for inmate occupancy and became the first cell house with indoor plumbing.</p><br>
<p>The Womens Ward dormitory (1920) was built out of necessity. Prior to its completion, the women moved into the wardens old house in 1905. Previously women did not have separate quarters and several scandals forced their relocation. Male inmates built a wall around the old warden&#39;s home in 1906 to serve as a separate facility for women. This building had seven two-person cells, a central day room, kitchen, and bathroom facilities. This building held the infamous Lyda Southard.</p><br>
<p>Built by inmates, the Multipurpose Building (1923) served as a shirt factory, shoe shop, bakery, license plate shop, laundry, hobby room, loafing room, and housed the communal showers.</p><br>
<p>Solitary confinement consisted of two sections. The first, built in the early 1920s, was the Cooler. Although built for solitary confinement, each cell contained 4–6 men. The second section, known as Siberia, was built in 1926 and housed twelve 3 x cells, with one inmate per cell.</p><br>
<p>Cell House 4 (1952) was the largest and most modern cell house at the penitentiary. Some inmates painted their cells and left drawings on the walls that can be seen today.</p><br>
<p>Cell House 5 (1954) was maximum security where the most unruly and violent offenders stayed. This building also served as a permanent place of solitary confinement. It includes a built-in gallows and "Death Row."</p><br>
<p>Although not a building, there is also an outdoor recreational area that is now the Idaho Botanical Gardens where inmates boxed and played baseball, basketball, handball, tennis, horseshoes, and football. The baseball, and later softball, team was named The Outlaws and frequently played teams from across the Treasure Valley. A baseball stadium was located in what is now referred to as "Outlaw Field" where the Botanical Gardens hosts outdoor concerts. The prison cemetery is located in the Botanical Gardens.</p><br>
<h2>Museum and Historical Society</h2><br>
<p>The site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 for its significance as a Territorial Prison. The site currently contains the buildings and cell houses with exhibits, the Idaho Merci Train boxcar, and the J. Curtis Earl Memorial Exhibit, all managed by the Idaho State Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>In late 1999, J.C. Earl donated his personal collection of historic arms and military memorabilia to the state of Idaho. These items were placed on exhibition in 2001 as the J. Curtis Earl Memorial Exhibit at the Old Idaho Penitentiary. They range from the Bronze Age to those used today for sport, law enforcement, and military purposes. The Luristan Bronze collection dates to about 1000–650 BC.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The prison has become a popular site for ghost hunters. The Travel Channel&#39;s television show Destination Fear filmed at the location for the thirteenth episode of their second season. Ghost Adventures investigated the Old Idaho State Penitentiary for the eighth episode of their first season.</p><br>
<p>The Idaho State Historical Society also produces a podcast "Behind Gray Walls," which tells the stories of individual inmates.</p><br>
<p>The Belleville Historic District is a historic district in Belleville, Illinois. The primarily residential district consists of an irregularly shaped area on the east side of Belleville. 70 buildings are included in the district, all of which are contributing buildings to its historic character. The homes in the district represent Bellevilles residential development from 1830 to 1900. Many of the houses were designed in a vernacular cottage style popular among the citys German immigrants; while common in Belleville and other Metro-East cities, the style is little seen elsewhere in the state. Formal architectural styles such as Greek Revival and Italianate are also prevalent in the district.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Homes of Historic Interest within the Belleville Historic District</h2><br>
<p>Champion House - 218 S Charles St Belleville, IL - https://champion.house/</p><br>
<p>Koerner House - 200 Abend St Belleville, IL - https://gustavekoerner.org/</p><br>
<p>The Gustave Koerner House is a historic house located at 200 Abend Street in Belleville, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>Built in Greek Revival style</h2><br>
<p>The Greek Revival house was built in 1848-49 and rebuilt in 1854–55 after a fire. Gustave Koerner, a German immigrant and prominent Illinois politician, lived in the house from its construction to his death in 1896. Koerner served as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois, sat on the Illinois Supreme Court, and was a member of the Illinois House of Representatives. He was also a political ally of Abraham Lincoln during his senatorial and presidential campaigns and convinced many German-American voters to support Lincoln. During the Civil War, Koerner served as United States Minister to Spain and thereafter mounted a failed campaign for Governor of Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 2004. It was converted in 1984 and separated into rental units. It is no longer used for rental units. The Koerner house is being restored to its original appearance by the Historical Society of St. Clair County, Illinois. It will be maintained as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The Knobeloch–Seibert Farm is a historic farm located on the east side of Schneider Road east of Belleville, Illinois. The farm was established by John W. Knobeloch and his family; after passing through several generations of the Knobeloch family, it was inherited by Henry Seibert. Both the Knobeloch and Seibert families immigrated to the area from Germany as part of a wave of German immigration to Illinois&#39; American Bottom region in the early 1800s. The first building on the farm was a farmhouse built in 1832, which no longer stands; the oldest surviving building on the farm is the 1844 barn. The second farmhouse, constructed in 1861, features a segmented arched brick cellar, a characteristic feature of German vernacular architecture.</p><br>
<p>The farm was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 9, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Holy Family  is a Roman Catholic church located at 116 Church Street in the St. Clair County, Illinois city of Cahokia Heights. Built beginning in 1786, it is a remarkably unaltered example of the French colonial construction style known as "poteaux-sur-solle" , and one of the few such buildings surviving in North America. It was declared a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The occupying congregation is the oldest continuously active Catholic Parish in the United States, having been founded in 1699 by Canadian missionaries, and the oldest church west of the Allegheny Mountains. At the invitation of Bishop Edward Braxton, the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest continues to offer Mass in this historic church according to the Missal of 1962. Visitors are also welcome for guided tours in the summer.</p><br>
<p>In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, Holy Family Church was selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component (AIA Illinois).</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Church of the Holy Family stands in central Cahokia Heights, at the southeast corner of East 1st and Church Streets. The church campus includes three buildings: the 1799 church, a modern 20th-century sanctuary, and a parish house. The 1799 church is a log structure, measuring about 32 x. It is built out of heavy walnut timbers that were hewn into rectangular shape and mortised into a wooden sill resting on stone slabs. The timbers are each about 14 ft long, one foot wide and six inches thick, and are set about one foot apart. The spaces between them are filled with what was termed pierrotage, a mixture of rubblestone and clay. Each of the walls slopes slightly inward as it rises, and is braced by diagonal timbers. The roof trusses are of walnut and oak, and give the roof a bell-cast appearance.</p><br>
<p>The only substantive alterations to the building have been relatively minor. Small wings were added in 1833, and in the 1890s the exterior was finished in wooden clapboards; the clapboards have since been removed. In 1949–1951 the structure&#39;s foundation underwent repairs, and some of its rotted members were replaced.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was established in 1699, when priests from Quebec (New France) arrived with Father Pinet to establish a mission. The mission was ended about 1768, and the fate of its building is not known. In 1783, Cahokia was integrated from Province of Quebec to the United States. Construction of this church began about 1786, not long after the arrival of Father Paul St. Pierre, and was formally consecrated on September 24, 1799. It remained in use by the congregation for worship until 1891, when a new stone church was built adjacent. The log church was then converted into a parish hall, a role it played until its restoration in 1949–51.</p><br>
<p>Each Sunday morning there is a Traditional Latin Mass starting at 9:00 A.M.</p><br>
<p>The Holy Family Church right next door has an English Mass starting at 10:00 A.M.</p><br>
<p>The Lebanon Historic District is a historic district composed of the areas of Lebanon, Illinois, developed prior to 1900. The district includes five distinct areas of Lebanon: the citys main commercial district, the neighborhood around McKendree University, two residential districts, and an archaeological site at the city limits. Development in Lebanon began in the 1820s, and McKendree University was founded in 1828. The oldest building from this period, the Mermaid House Hotel, is a Federal structure dating to 1830. The city received an influx of German immigrants from the 1830s onward, which affected the citys development. In the 1850s and 1860s, a railroad opened in the city and several local industries developed; however, the city retained the character of a small college town and never developed into an industrial or trade center.</p><br>
<p>The historic district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 4, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Flowerdew Hundred Plantation dates to 1618/19 with the patent by Sir George Yeardley, the Governor and Captain General of Virginia, of 1,000 acre on the south side of the James River. Yeardley probably named the plantation after his wifes wealthy father, Anthony Flowerdew, just as he named another plantation "Stanley Hundred" after his wifes wealthy mother, Martha Stanley.  A "hundred" was historically a division of a shire or county. With a population of about 30, the plantation was economically successful with thousands of pounds of tobacco produced along with corn, fish and livestock. Sir George paid 120 pounds  to build the first windmill in British America.</p><br>
<p>Today, Flowerdew Hundred plantation is a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sometimes written as "Flowerdieu", the plantation survived the Indian massacre of 1622 with only six deaths, remaining an active and fortified private plantation unlike many others in the area, such as the Citie of Henricus and Martins Hundred, that were abandoned. The first windmill erected in English North America was built at Flowerdew Hundred by 1621, and was an English post mill. In 1624, Abraham Piersey, Cape Merchant of the Virginia Company, purchased Flowerdew Hundred renaming it Pierseys Hundred. Piersey&#39;s Stone House was the first home with a permanent foundation in the colony. The 1624 Muster lists approximately sixty occupants at the settlement, including some of the first Africans in Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the seventeenth century, Flowerdew Hundred continued to prosper with the establishment of a secondary settlement. In 1683, with the passage of the king&#39;s Advancement of Trade Act, Flowerdew Towne was formed down river, but it was not very successful within the James River planter economy. Sometime after 1720, a ferry ran from Flowerdew Hundred across the stretch of the James known as "Three Mile Reach" to the north bank of the James. An ordinary or tavern was eventually built there for the convenience of the passengers.</p><br>
<p>Part of the old Hundred was acquired by Joshua Poythress and passed through several of his descendants also named Joshua Poythress. The property was shelled during the 1781 campaign of Gen. Benedict Arnold. He ordered Lt. Col. Simcoe and some Queens Rangers to spike the guns near Hoods fort on the eastern edge of the property and then continued to the capital of Richmond, setting it afire.</p><br>
<p>The Plantation was re-formed again through the work of John Vaughn Willcox, a Petersburg merchant. He married the last Poythress heiress and bought up the surrounding tracts that were part of the original land grant that had been sold off during the 18th century. In 1804 they built a new farmhouse on the high ridge overlooking the fertile bottom lands along the James, but maintained their primary residence in nearby Petersburg.</p><br>
<p>The Civil War came to Flowerdew in June 1864 when the Commanding General of the Armies of the United States Ulysses S. Grant ordered his men to cross the James River in an effort to outflank Gen. Robert E. Lee and capture the City of Petersburg and its rail hub that was vital to the Confederate war effort. In support of the Overland Campaign, the Corps of Engineers, in a remarkable feat of construction, built a pontoon bridge across the James in one evening, setting a record for the longest floating bridge ever built. Grant&#39;s Crossing from Weyanoke to Flowerdew (or Wilcox Landing as it was then known) held this record until World War II. The Army of the Potomac with three corps and a supply train crossed the river in about three days heading for City Point to begin the Siege of Petersburg.</p><br>
<p>The site of the pontoon bridge was found again in 1986 by Eugene Prince and Taft Kiser. Using Prince&#39;s Principle, a simple 35 mm camera, a cypress tree on the riverbank, and an Andrew Joseph Russell photograph taken in 1864, they were able to place the bridge into the modern landscape. A dead limb on a cypress tree in the Gardner photograph was still present 122 years later and confirmed the location as the site of the crossing.</p><br>
<p>The old Willcox house was torn down in 1955 though a magnolia planted in 1840 still survives in the yard of the large mansion that was built on its former site in the late 20th century. The bald cypress tree that anchored the great pontoon bridge also remains. In 1978, a commemorative windmill of English post design was built on the farm by English Millwright Derrick Ogden. The windmill has since been removed from the property.</p><br>
<p>Over the years the name has been spelled as Fleur de, Flowerdieu, Flower de and Flourdy Hundred. Other names for the property include Piersey or Peirceys Hundred, Seldens (Selden family), Hoods, and Bellevue. It is listed on Virginias Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail, Civil War Overland Campaign Lee-Grant Trail, and the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Flowerdew Hundred Plantation is currently owned by local businessman and former NASCAR driver Jeff Oakley.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The original land grant of 1,000 acres contains over 60 archaeological sites ranging from archaic Native American encampments to twentieth century homesteads. Registered sites include 44PG64 (Stone House excavation); 44PG65 (Fortified Area); 44PG113 (Selden House sites) and 44PG98 (Flowerdew Towne/Ferry Complex). Archaeological investigations began at Flowerdew in the late 1960s and continued through 1995, when archaeologist James Deetz led the final excavation within the original limits of the fortified area. The excavations yielded more than 500,000 artifacts, all of which are currently housed at the University of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>One of many notable artifacts is the Prince of Orange medallion, which was minted in 1615. Three other such medallions have been found, including one at Historic Jamestowne, and in a Native American grave at Burr&#39;s Hill, Rhode Island. In addition, one medallion is held by the British Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Foundation</h2><br>
<p>In 1975, David A. Harrison III, then owner of Flowerdew Hundred, created the Flowerdew Hundred Foundation. The Foundation operated a museum and conducted tours of the plantation and reconstructed windmill until 2007. The windmill was donated to the American Wind Center and Museum in Lubbock, Texas. It was dismantled and moved to Lubbock in 2010. The Foundation closed its doors on October 12, 2007. After Harrison&#39;s death the plantation was sold.</p><br>
<p>The Center Methodist Church or Center Methodist Episcopal Church is located in Provincetown, Massachusetts at 356 Commercial Street. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The church moved to a new building in 1955, and the building has changed hands several times since. It is currently the home of the Provincetown Public Library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Evolution of Provincetown Landmark:</p><br>
<p>1860 - Center Methodist Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>1958 - Chrysler Art Museum</p><br>
<p>1974 - Center for the Arts</p><br>
<p>1976 - Provincetown Heritage Museum</p><br>
<p>2005 - Provincetown Public Library</p><br>
<p>The church was built in 1860. It was said to be the largest church of Methodist denomination anywhere in the United States. It cost $22,000 to complete, and had room to seat 900 people in 128 pews. The original spire was 162 feet tall and contained a huge bronze bell cast by George Holbrook in Eastmeadow, Massachusetts, according to a history of Provincetown Methodists done in 1995 by the Provincetown Methodist congregation&#39;s 200th Anniversary Committee. The steeple was weakened and damaged in the Portland Gale, and so a new steeple, restored in 2007, was reduced to be 100 feet off the ground. Yet, according to the Provincetown Banner, the local newspaper:</p><br>
<h3>Chrysler Art Museum of Provincetown</h3><br>
<p>In 1958, the building was sold for $40,000 to Walter P. Chrysler Jr. – the son of Walter Chrysler, the founder of the Chrysler Corporation – for use as the Chrysler Art Museum of Provincetown. During this period he collected many works by local artists. In 1962, however, his collection became embroiled in a scandal in the art community. That summer, the museum housed an exhibition from his collection entitled "The Controversial Century: 1850–1950". Out of the 187 works displayed, 90 were claimed to be forgeries by the Art Dealers Association of America. Among the declared fakes were works purported to be by Henri Matisse, Vincent van Gogh (4 of the 5 shown), Pierre Bonnard and Paul Klee. Most of the suspect works had been purchased over a two-year period from two New York dealers. Mr. Chrysler defended his acquisitions and their veracity, saying, "I dont make any claim for their being the greatest examples of each artist, but we cant look at masterpieces all the time. I think that would be rather dull."</p><br>
<p>Chrysler continued to run the museum with limited success until he closed it in 1970. In 1971, he moved his collection to Virginia, where it is still operating today as the Chrysler Museum of Art. There are differing accounts as to the reason for the move. According to the Museum&#39;s website, "The efflorescence of paintings, sculpture, artifacts and glass soon outgrew its limited quarters in a 19th-century church, however, and Chrysler began seeking a new home for the works." The people of Provincetown remember it differently, however. The local newspaper reported it differently, saying, "Discouraged when the Town of Provincetown would not help him find parking for visitors to the museum, Chrysler packed up his collection and moved..." Whatever the reason, the building was sold in 1974 for $90,000 to</p><br>
<h3>Heritage Museum</h3><br>
<p>Through the efforts of the Provincetown Historical Association and the Historic District Study Committee, the building was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places. It received certification in October 1975. Subsequently, in 1976, a special town meeting voted to acquire the building for $135,000, and it was sold to the Provincetown Historical Association and used for the display of town artifacts as the Provincetown Heritage Museum. The Provincetown Heritage Museum officially opened to the public on July 4, 1976.</p><br>
<h4>The Rose Dorothea</h4><br>
<p>A major addition to the building came about in 1977, during the Heritage Museums stewardship. That addition is a half-scale replica of Provincetowns Grand Banks fishing schooner, the Rose Dorothea. On August 1, 1907, the Rose Dorothea won the Liptons Cup, despite breaking one of her masts, in the first and only Fishermans Race, a 42-mile race from Provincetown to Gloucester to Boston. The original vessel was sold in 1916 to a Newfoundland company that used her to ferry salt and other supplies to Portugal. In February 1917, a German U-boat submarine surfaced next to the schooner as she neared the coast of Lisbon, and then, after allowing her crew to evacuate in lifeboats, sank her. Sixty years later, in 1977, construction began on the replica fishing schooner, and it was dedicated on June 25, 1988. The completed model spans a 666" length and a 126" beam. The original vessel was 108.7 feet long, weighed 108 tons and had a crew of 26 men.</p><br>
<h3>Provincetown Public Library</h3><br>
<p>The Heritage Museum operated on a seasonal basis with a minimal staff and a group of volunteers through the summer of 2000, and in 2001, the Town voted to convey this property to the Provincetown Public Library. In 2002 renovations began to convert the building into the Provincetown Public Library. Upon completion, the Provincetown Public Library would move into this building from another historic building, the old Provincetown Public Library, located several blocks up Commercial Street.</p><br>
<p>The Provincetown Public Library website set forth the plans:</p><br>
<p>As a part of the process, the Town was faced with another decision – the choice of keeping the Rose Dorothea and incorporate it into the new library, or the choice of removing it, thus destroying it in the process. It was decided to keep the schooner intact, and the interior of the library can be seen in the accompanying photo.</p><br>
<p>The Santa Fe Plaza  is a National Historic Landmark in downtown Santa Fe, New Mexico in the style of traditional Spanish-American colonial cities. The plaza, or city square is a gathering place for locals and also a tourist attraction. It is home to annual events including Fiestas de Santa Fe, the Spanish Market, the Santa Fe Bandstand, and the Santa Fe Indian Market.</p><br>
<p>Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the plaza consists of a central park lined with grass, trees, and benches. During Christmas time, the plaza is decorated with farolitos, luminarias, and trees lights. The park also includes a performing arts stage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Encompassed in the general plaza area are historic monuments, restaurants, businesses and art galleries, including the Palace of the Governors (the oldest public building in the United States), the New Mexico Museum of Art, Cathedral Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi, and the Loretto Chapel. In true pueblo fashion, the Plaza architecture is traditional adobe. Just 16 mi from the Santa Fe ski basin, the Plaza dates back to the early 17th century when Santa Fe was settled by conquistadors. Until the mid-19th century, the Plaza lacked landscaping, and ownership of the area transitioned between the Spaniards and the Mexicans throughout the earlier years.</p><br>
<h3>Pre-Columbian era</h3><br>
<p>The area now known as Santa Fe had been inhabited by Tewa and other peoples, for which there is archaeological evidence as near to the Plaza as the Sena compound.</p><br>
<h3>Spanish era</h3><br>
<p>All Spanish colonial towns with a regional governors office (for Santa Fe de Nuevo México, that was the Palace of the Governors) were required by the civic planning section of the laws of the Indies to have a Plaza de Armas to marshal the palace guard in. The original Plaza was a presidio surrounded by a large defensive wall that enclosed residences, barracks, a chapel, a prison and the Governors palace. Eventually the wall gave way to large houses built by high-ranking Spanish officers and officials. In the early days, it was found at the end of El Camino Real (the Spanish Royal Road from Mexico City).</p><br>
<h3>Mexican era</h3><br>
<p>With Mexico&#39;s Independence from Spain, in 1821, the Santa Fe Trail, a trade route connecting New Mexico with Missouri, was opened with its western terminus at the Santa Fe Plaza. Overland wagon caravans used the plaza to camp and unload trade goods. The Old Pecos Trail also passed nearby before it was rerouted.</p><br>
<h3>USA territorial era</h3><br>
<p>After the New Mexico Territory was established, a fence was built around the plaza to keep out animals. Trees were also planted and pathways were introduced. A bandstand was added at various locations over time, as was the Soldiers&#39; Monument in the plaza center.</p><br>
<h3>USA statehood</h3><br>
<p>After New Mexico was admitted as the 47th state in 1912, a historic preservation plan was established. The plaza is now marked by structures in the Pueblo, Spanish and Territorial styles that reflect its history. Among the most noted are the original palacio, the Palace of the Governors, built between 1610 and 1612 and San Miguel Mission, a noted landmark (c. 1640), and one of the oldest churches in the United States. The plaza is surrounded by restaurants, shops, and museums. Many seasonal community events are held at the plaza.</p><br>
<p>On October 12, 2020, Indigenous Peoples Day, the obelisk portion of the Soldiers Monument in the center of the plaza was toppled by protestors.</p><br>
<h2>Points of interest</h2><br>
<p>The Plaza has several mature trees, street lamps, a banco, a central monument, a buried time capsule, a bandstand and a water fountain. Wireless internet access is also available as of 2019.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>William S. Messervy, Santa Fe trader and acting Governor of New Mexico in 1854, lived in a house on the Plaza.</p><br>
<p>The Old Provincetown Public Library building is a historic building at 330 Commercial Street in downtown Provincetown, Massachusetts. Built in 1874, it served as the town&#39;s public library from then until 2002, when the library was moved to the former Center Methodist Church. The building, a fine local example of Second Empire architecture, now houses the local tourist board. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Provincetown Public Library building stands on Commercial Street, Provincetown&#39;s principal commercial street, at the northwest corner with Freeman Street. It is a 2-1/2 story wood-frame structure, with a mansard roof providing a full third story. The exterior is finished in wooden clapboards, and the roof features a mansarded turret at the center of the front facade. The front is three bays wide, with a center entrance. Windows are sash, and are framed in a variety of different bracketed moulded hoods, some featuring simple cornices, with others have segmented-arch or triangular pediments. The main cornice is adorned with paired brackets, and a second cornice marks the transition between the differing slopes of the roof. A 1970s addition extends the building to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The former library building was constructed in 1874, and was a gift to the town from Nathaniel Freeman. Originally, only the ground floor housed the library: the second floor housed a YMCA, and the third floor was used as commercial space. In the librarys early years, the most colorful of its stewards was Abbie Cook Putnam. In 1977, the library — by now the buildings sole occupant — was extensively renovated. The librarian at the time was Alice O’Grady Joseph (d 2010), who was in charge from 1965 to 1982.</p><br>
<p>The space housed the library until 2002, when the library was moved to the former Center Methodist Church. The building now houses the local tourist board offices.</p><br>
<p>The Opana Radar Site is a National Historic Landmark and IEEE Milestone that commemorates the first operational use of radar by the United States in wartime, during the attack on Pearl Harbor. It is located off the Kamehameha Highway just inland from the north shore of Oahu, Hawaii, south of Kawela Bay. It is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In December 1939, the USA military established an Aircraft Warning Service (AWS) using radar to defend American territory. It employed the SCR-270 radar, the first United States long-range search radar created at the Signal Corps laboratories at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, circa 1937. The radar&#39;s operating frequency was 106 megahertz and it had a maximum range of 150 miles, or greater if the equipment was at an elevated site.</p><br>
<p>Under the command of Col. Wilfred H. Tetley the AWS established six mobile radar detector sites on O&#39;ahu at Kawaiola, Wainaae, Kaʻaʻawa, Koko Head, Schofield Barracks, and Fort Shafter. On Thanksgiving Day in 1941, the Schofield Barracks radar set was moved to the Opana Radar Site, a location 532 feet above sea level with an unobstructed view of the Pacific Ocean. The set comprised four trucks carrying the transmitter, modulator, water cooler, receiver, oscilloscope, operator, generator and antenna.</p><br>
<h2>Attack on Pearl Harbor</h2><br>
<p>On December 7, 1941, the Opana Radar Site was manned by Private Joseph Lockard and Private George Elliot, who detected approaching aircraft at 7:02 am (past the end of the site&#39;s scheduled operating day). Since the truck to take them to breakfast was late, the pair continued to practice with the radar equipment.</p><br>
<p>The men reported their findings to the temporary information center at Fort Shafter. Private Joseph McDonald took the call. McDonald found Lt Kermit Tyler when he entered the plotting room when he timed the message. Tyler told him that it was nothing. McDonald called back the Opana Radar site and spoke to Pvt Joseph Lockard. Lockard was excited, he had never seen so many planes. Infected with Lockard&#39;s excitement, McDonald returned to Tyler. McDonald suggested to Tyler to call back the plotters and notify Wheeler Field of the sighting. When Tyler again indicated that it was nothing, McDonald insisted that Tyler talk to Lockard directly. The information center staff had gone to breakfast and Tyler received the report. Tyler reasoned that the activity was a flight of Army B-17 Flying Fortress bombers, and advised the radar crew not to worry. Tyler told investigators that a friend in the Bomber group advised him that whenever the radio station played Hawaiian music all night, a flight from the mainland was arriving, and using that for navigation homing. McDonald was relieved at about 7:40 and returned to his tent waking his tent mate up by saying "Shim the Japs are coming". Elliot and Lockard continued plotting the incoming planes until 7:40 when contact was lost. Shortly before 8:00 am they headed to Kawailoa for breakfast and only learned about the attack when they arrived. Elliot and Lockard rushed back to Opana and operated the radar until the attack ended.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today, a modern Navy telecommunications station occupies the top of the Opana Hill adjacent to the site. The station is a relay for the Department of State&#39;s Diplomatic Telecommunications Service. The former site is a National Historic Landmark and IEEE Milestone. Since the 1941 radar was a mobile unit, there is no physical evidence of the historic unit at the site. There is a commemorative plaque on the grounds of the Turtle Bay Resort at the foot of Opana Hill.</p><br>
<p>The Rainbow Bridge is an old bridge over Brush Creek approximately two miles west of Riverton, Kansas on former USA Route 66 , now a county road. The bridge is a single-span concrete Marsh arch bridge and is the sole surviving bridge of this type on the entire length of the former highway. Two other Marsh arch bridges were also located on US-66 in Kansas, both over the Spring River. It was built in 1923.</p><br>
<p>The bridge has often been covered with graffiti, but was recently re-painted white. The bridge has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places (as the Brush Creek Bridge) on March 10, 1983, due to its connection with US-66 and is also a Kansas state landmark. In 2014, Kansas Rt. 66 Historic Byway nominated a bypassed 2.1 mi section of original 1926 highway, which ran south from the Brush Creek to the Willow Creek bridge near Baxter Springs, for an NRHP listing.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is fairly narrow, and due to traffic on the road, a replacement bridge has been built. The road curves toward the new bridge toward Baxter Springs, but a short, one-way road carries traffic to the Rainbow Bridge, which may still be crossed. This was part of a compromise after a disagreement between the county and the Kansas Route 66 Association as federal funds used for construction of the new bridge required demolition of the old. The bridge had been listed with the National Register, which prohibited condemnation of the old bridge.</p><br>
<p>In the year 2000, country singer Brad Paisley performed "Route 66" on the bridge for the TLC special, "Route 66: Main Street America".</p><br>
<p>The Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve is a 6,000 acre park located north of Mount Diablo in Contra Costa County, California under the administration of the East Bay Regional Park District . The district acquired the property in 1973. The preserve contains relics of 3 mining towns, former coal and sand mines, and offers guided tours of a former sand mine. The 60 mi of trails in the Preserve cross rolling foothill terrain covered with grassland, California oak woodland, California mixed evergreen forest, and chaparral.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Natural History</h3><br>
<h4>Indigenous People</h4><br>
<p>Long before the widespread ranching and mining activity that took place in the area, indigenous people had a presence in the Bay Area for 13,000 years. Three Bay Miwok tribes, the Chupcan, Ompin, and Volvon, lived in the areas surrounding the Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve. The Chupcan occupied territory to the west of the preserve near Concord, the Volvon occupied the territory to the south including much of Mount Diablo, and the Ompin occupied the area to the north including Pittsburg, Collinsville, and the intervening waterway. Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve is located in a boundary area between these three tribes. At the beginning of the 19th century, these three tribes were significantly impacted by the Spanish mission system. Between 1804 and 1806, the majority of Volvon Bay Miwok were split up and baptized at either Mission Dolores or Mission San Jose. A Spanish military raid caused the Chupcans to flee to Suisun territory in 1804, and by 1811, most Chupcans were split up and baptized at either Mission Dolores or Mission San Jose. In 1810, some members of the Ompin went to Mission Dolores, and the remaining members went to Mission San Jose in the years 1811 and 1812.</p><br>
<h4>Geology</h4><br>
<p>The rich coal deposits and sandstone hills of Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve were formed by geological activity in the Tertiary period. In the period between the Paleocene epoch and Miocene epoch of the Tertiary era, the North American Plate and the Pacific plate came together at a subduction zone where the North American Plate was pushed over the Pacific Plate. During this era, the Pacific Ocean stretched over much of the California central valley with the coastline reaching the lower regions of the Sierra Nevada mountains. Tectonic activity between the North American and Pacific plate, along with sea level changes, brought about four series of marine sediment deposition. The coal that was mined from the Mount Diablo Coal Field was formed during the third marine sediment deposition cycle which took place during the middle of the Eocene epoch. At the beginning of this third cycle, tectonic activity caused an uplift of the continental shelf seafloor, resulting in the creation of shallow marshes. Erosion during this era brought an abundance of sediment into the shallow sea covering the continental shelf, with some sediment making its way into the marshlands. These sediments, along with the favorable hot and humid climate, fueled the growth of coastal marsh flora that eventually formed into coal. Tectonic activity towards the end of this sedimentation cycle caused the continental shelf to sink and resulted in sediments being deposited into deeper water. The Mount Diablo Mountain Range of today was created at the beginning of the fourth depositional cycle when the continental shelf began to rise up once again.</p><br>
<h3>Mount Diablo Coalfield</h3><br>
<p>In 1859 William C. Israel discovered a coal deposit while clearing out a spring on his land at Horse Haven Valley, six miles south of Antioch. His initial attempt to mine the coal was not financially successful but soon other coal deposits were discovered nearby and mining operations grew rapidly. The area became known as the Mount Diablo Coalfield, the largest in California, producing more than 400 million short tons (357 million long tons) of coal during this time.</p><br>
<p>The area includes the remains of twelve coal mines and the sites of several long-gone coal mining towns. The Preserve contains over 200 mi of mine workings. The largest and oldest town, Nortonville, had a peak population of about 1,000. Somersville, Stewartville, West Hartley and Judsonville were located in valleys to the east. The sites of Judsonville and West Hartley are located on private property outside the eastern boundary of the Preserve. The mines were the Empire, Central, Star, Corcoran, Pittsburg, Manhattan, Eureka, Independent, Union, Black Diamond, Mt. Hope, and Cumberland. The coal produced was of a low grade (sub-bituminous or lignite), but for a time in the 19th century, was the only readily accessible and economic source in California. Therefore, it was a very valuable resource and powering the railroads, ships and heavy industry of California. The mineral was often called &#39;black diamond."</p><br>
<p>The coal was carried to the San Joaquin River by three railroads: the Empire, Pittsburg, and Black Diamond, for shipment by barge to markets in San Francisco, Sacramento, Stockton and other communities. Coal mining activity ended as better-quality imported coal became affordable and as petroleum emerged as an energy source. After the coal mines closed, the towns were abandoned and the area was used mainly for cattle grazing. In 1974 the Southport Land and Commercial Company (former Black Diamond Coal Mining Company) donated 160 acres of its land holdings to help It become Black Diamond Mines Regional Park.</p><br>
<p>The coal mines are closed due to hazards posed by the age of the mines, the gases they produce (carbon dioxide and methane), and their rock quality (the shale and coal in the mines is unstable). In 1980 four young boys from the local area were killed by the methane gas from one of the open mines. However, a number of mine openings have been turned into public-access openings which allow visitors to look into the mines and, for some, to walk a short distance underground. The deepest public-access opening is known as Prospect Tunnel. Visitors can enter 200 feet of this excavation made by miners searching for coal.</p><br>
<h3>Rose Hill Cemetery</h3><br>
<p>Rose Hill Cemetery, officially designated as a Protestant cemetery, the final resting place for over 200 residents of the coalfield, is located on a hillside between the Somersville and Nortonville townsites. After the mines closed and the nearby towns were abandoned, the cemetery fell into disuse. Many of the gravestones were stolen or destroyed by vandals. In 1960, Ansel Adams photographed two Italian Cypress trees in the cemetery, and called the image, "Poplars, Cemetery near Mount Diablo".</p><br>
<p>The land the cemetery occupies was originally owned by the Black Diamond Coal Mining Company and was given to Contra Costa County by Emma Rose, the daughter of Black Diamond Mining Company president Alvinza Hayward. The original records for the cemetery were destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.</p><br>
<p>Few people buried in the cemetery are identified. Many of the individual plots were never marked. More had only a wooden marker – nearly all of which were destroyed over the years by either wildfires that swept through the area or by insects, weather, or other natural cause. Vandals are said to have carried off some of the more permanent stone markers.</p><br>
<p>A few whose earthly remains were laid to rest here include:</p><br>
<p>William Gething, age 36, who was killed with 9 other men in an 1876 explosion; 7 other men who died at the same time are buried nearby.</p><br>
<p>Sarah Norton, age 68, wife of Noah Norton (namesake of Nortonville), who also worked as a midwife and was killed instantly when she was thrown from her buggy to deliver yet another baby; she reportedly delivered over 600 babies for miners&#39; wives.</p><br>
<p>The earliest stone marker belongs to Elizabeth Richmond, who died in February, 1865.</p><br>
<p>The youngest known person was the one-day-old, unnamed daughter of Thomas H. and Elizabeth Jenkins, who died on April 15, 1880.</p><br>
<p>The oldest known person was Ruth French, age 81, died on September 11, 1874.</p><br>
<p>The most recent known burial was William T. Davis, died in 1954.</p><br>
<h3>Sandstone mine</h3><br>
<p>In the 1920s, a mine producing high-quality silica sandstone was started by owner Marvin Greathouse on a hillside above the Somersville townsite. He sold the product to the Hazel-Atlas Glass Company which operated a plant in Oakland manufacturing glass containers. Hazel-Atlas eventually purchased the mine and operated it until about 1945. Another sandstone mine in the Nortonville area produced sand used by the Columbia Steel mill in Pittsburg, California for steel casting. The two companies recovered more than 1.8e6 ST of sand between from the 1920s to the 1940s. The Hazel-Atlas mine is being restored and maintained by park staff and can be visited on guided tours which cover the area&#39;s mining history and geology.</p><br>
<p>Inside the Greathouse portal, a 950 foot-long section of the entrance corridor has been made into a museum. The first section is a series of self-guided exhibits, while the larger second section (which has a separate entrance from the outside), houses a reconstruction of the Hazel-Atlas works as it would have appeared around 1940.</p><br>
<p>EBRPD originally repurposed the Hazel-Atlas mine as a museum in the 1970s, but storm damage in 2007 forced closure of this attraction for extensive repairs. It did not reopen for five years.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The trails offer views of Mount Diablo, the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, and on clear days, the Sierra Nevada.</p><br>
<p>The Preserve usually has an impressive variety of wildflowers in spring including the rare Mount Diablo fairy lantern (Calochortus pulchellus), Mount Diablo sunflower (Helianthella castanea), and Brewer&#39;s dwarf flax (Hesperolinon breweri). It is home to a variety of wildlife including deer, mountain lions, coyotes, foxes, bobcats, golden eagles, and a variety of hawks. The endangered San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) and threatened California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii), California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) and Alameda whipsnake (Masticophis lateralis) are present as well. The park is open year-round for hiking, mountain biking, and horseback riding from 8 am to dusk. A backpack camp and a group camp can be reserved for overnight stays. There have been many reports of a ghost in the park.</p><br>
<h2>2016 land donation</h2><br>
<p>EBRPD accepted the donation of 50 acres by Antioch Holdings LLC on December 20, 2016. The property had been deeded to the holding company by Gordon Grevelle, president of Suncrest Homes, who had originally planned to build a gated residential community there when he had bought the tract in 1987. After going through an extensive permitting process and a decline in the California housing market, Grevelle decided that the project he had envisioned would be unlikely to meet his financial goals. Since the tract was already surrounded by park land, he chose to make the land available to EBRPD, which announced its intention to add the land to the Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve. Grevelle estimated the market value of his donation at $3.5 million in 2016 (~$ in ).</p><br>
<p>The Chauncey Ellwood House is a 19th-century Italianate residence in the DeKalb County, Illinois city of Sycamore. It is a contributing property to the Sycamore Historic District; added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The house is in the 800 block of Somonauk Street. The Esther Mae Nesbitt House, next door, was once the carriage house for the home.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>The Chauncey Ellwood House is designed in Italianate style, today, painted a distinctive red color. A large pond occupies the backyard On the front wall of the Chauncey Ellwood House two additional wooden supports are anchored at either end of the porch. A small triangular pediment overhangs the front stairs. In the older set up the stairs were set at the far south end of the house instead of centered, as they are today.</p><br>
<h2>Chauncey Ellwood</h2><br>
<p>Chauncey Ellwood was the older brother of barbed wire entrepreneur Isaac Ellwood, a resident of nearby DeKalb, Illinois. Ellwood was an attorney, merchant and, for a time, mayor of Sycamore.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>The folklore of the Potawatomi tribe, which inhabited the area, held that the natural pond in the backyard was once a watering hole for native buffalo before the herds moved further west. During the 20th century the pond became known as Patten&#39;s Pond.</p><br>
<p>Old Sycamore Hospital is two-story brick structure in downtown Sycamore, Illinois, United States. It is a contributing structure within the Sycamore Historic District. The district was established when it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The hospital building is located at the corner of Elm and Somonauk Streets in Sycamore.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The old hospital building was once home to the 1899, funded and designed by Letitia A. Westgate, at a total cost of $25,000.</p><br>
<p>In late 1901 the hospitals future was in jeopardy, due to a medical malpractice suit. The city of Sycamore saw that the Sycamore Hospital building could become available on the open market. The city contacted Andrew Carnegie to request a $25,000 grant to purchase and remodel the hospital for use as a library. The citys request for the grant was ultimately approved, albeit for the construction of a new building across the street from the DeKalb County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Westgate left the Sycamore area by 1907 to become the city chemist in Aurora, Illinois. The hospital operated for another ten years but in 1917 the property was acquired by the Elks Club.</p><br>
<p>The Carlos Lattin House was built by Sycamore, Illinois&#39; first permanent settler, Carlos Lattin. It lies within the boundaries of the Sycamore Historic District and is listed as one of the contributing structures in the district. The Sycamore Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house, in the 300 block of Somonauk Street in Sycamore, was erected in 1854 by the citys first permanent settler, Carlos Lattin, who arrived in Sycamore in 1835. He prospered as a farmer and grain and lumber dealer, worked as a correspondent for the Chicago Democrat, that citys first newspaper, and served as DeKalb County treasurer.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is designed in the Greek Revival style and features exterior brick construction.</p><br>
<p>Charles Irving Thornton  was an American infant from the state of Virginia. His tombstone, located in Cumberland State Forest in Cumberland County, Virginia, is listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places as one of only two gravestones in the world, and the only one in the United States, known to exist with an epitaph by Charles Dickens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles Irving Thornton was the son of Anthony and M. I. Thornton of Cumberland County. He died on March 12, 1842, at the age of 13 months and 19 days. A Dr. Deane was attending to the child, and upon his death was moved to write to Dickens to request an epitaph to be placed on the childs grave. Dickens had recently visited Virginia as part of his tour of the United States, but by mid-March had moved on to Ohio. The authors reasons for complying with the doctors request remain unclear, especially given the extreme distaste that he expressed toward Virginias continued economic dependence on slavery; to explain his possible motivations, some historians have attempted to establish a genealogical link between Dickens, the Thorntons, and Washington Irving.</p><br>
<p>Thornton&#39;s grave may still be visited today; it is in a difficult-to-find area of the state forest, but park rangers are willing to direct people to the site.</p><br>
<h2>Epitaph</h2><br>
<p>The epitaph was edited slightly from the one provided by Dickens. It reads:</p><br>
<p>The John Nance Garner House, located in Uvalde, Texas, United States, was the home of American Vice-President John Nance Garner and his wife Ettie from 1920 until Ettie&#39;s death in 1948. Garner, a native of Uvalde, lived there until 1952, when he moved to a small cottage on the property and donated the main house to the City of Uvalde as a memorial to Mrs. Garner. The house is now known as the Briscoe-Garner Museum, and also known as the Ettie R. Garner Memorial Building.</p><br>
<p>The structure is a two-story, H-shaped, hip-roofed, brick house with white trim around doors and windows, and brown shingles on the roof. It was built to plans by Atlee B. Ayres, at the time the most prominent architect in San Antonio, if not the state. The building housed the community library until about 1973. It then became a museum, using the first floor for displays documenting Garner&#39;s life and career.</p><br>
<p>The main house and cottage were designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 8, 1976.</p><br>
<p>On November 20, 1999, the City of Uvalde transferred ownership of the Garner Home and Museum to the University of Texas at Austin, whereupon it became a division of the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History. In 2011, the University closed the house to the public for renovations. The displays were moved to the First State Bank of Uvalde main branch lobby. When the renovations are complete, the first floor will still be devoted to Garner, and the second floor will have new exhibits dedicated to Dolph Briscoe, the 41st Governor of Texas and also a Uvalde native.</p><br>
<p>The Montvale Hotel is a boutique hotel in Spokane, Washington. Originally built in 1889 as an SRO , the Montvale Hotel also served Spokane as an apartment building, a brothel, and as a youth hostel during Expo 74 and then was abandoned for 30 years. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places on its own merit, and is also listed as a contributing property to the West Downtown Historic Transportation Corridor. It was restored and re-opened in January 2005 as a 36-room boutique hotel, becoming one of Spokanes premier hotels with The Davenport Hotel and the Hotel Lusso.</p><br>
<p>With the demolition of the Pennington Wing at the Davenport Hotel, the Montvale gained the distinction as Spokanes oldest hotel. Kilmer and Sons Hardware was located on buildings&#39; main floor for over 60 years. Kilmer once employed Henry J. Kaiser.</p><br>
<p>Currently located in the same building as the Montvale Hotel is Scratch Restaurant and is located on the street level of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Charles O. Boynton Carriage House is a prominent structure in the Sycamore Historic District, located in Sycamore, Illinois. The Sycamore Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The Carriage House is considered one of more than 150 contributing properties to the overall historic integrity of the district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The carriage house was built at the same time as the Queen Anne residence, next door, of Sycamore businessman and land speculator, Charles O. Boynton, in 1887. At that time the building was converted for use as office space, a function it still served in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Peter Johnsen Rooming House is an historic building near downtown Sycamore, Illinois. The red brick structure stands in the 100 block of South Main Street and is considered a contributing structure to the overall historic integrity of the Sycamore Historic District. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in May 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Very little is known about the building&#39;s namesake, Peter Johnsen. Constructed sometime between 1862 and 1876 the Johnsen Rooming House served as a boarding house from its construction until sometime in the 1970s, when it was converted for use as apartments. It is known that in the early 20th century a couple with the surname Heidikelin owned and operated the boarding house. They were remembered for their meals which were said to regularly attract townsfolk to the rooming house.</p><br>
<p>The Row Houses in Sycamore, Illinois are a small collection of historic terraced homes near the city&#39;s downtown. The building is considered by the National Register of Historic Places to be a contributing structure to the overall historic nature of the Sycamore Historic District. The district was added to the Register in May 1978. The buildings stand on the corner of Elm and California Streets in Sycamore.</p><br>
<p>The Conrad Weiser Homestead was the home of Johann Conrad Weiser, who enlisted the Iroquois on the British side in the French and Indian War. The home is located near Womelsdorf, Berks County, Pennsylvania in the United States. A designated National Historic Landmark, it is currently administered as a historic house museum by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. The historic site was established in 1923 to preserve an example of a colonial homestead and to honor Weiser, an important figure in the settlement of the colonial frontier.</p><br>
<p>The site includes period buildings and an orientation exhibit on a 26 acre landscaped park designed by Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. The park features walking and hiking paths, meadows, groves and a pond. The park contains statues of Conrad Weiser and of Shikellamy, an Onondaga chief who befriended Weiser and helped him keep the peace on the frontier of colonial Pennsylvania. The Friends of the Conrad Weiser Homestead assist in operating the programs.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1729 of native limestone. It was expanded several times over the years but it does include an original single room with fireplace and bake oven and a second room that Weiser added to his home in 1750. The home is decorated with many of the furnishings and household tools that were most common during the frontier era. A family cemetery behind the house is the final resting place of Weiser, his wife Anna and many friendly Indian Chiefs.</p><br>
<h2>Life of Conrad Weiser</h2><br>
<h3>Early years</h3><br>
<p>Conrad Weiser was born in 1696 in the small village of Affstätt in Herrenberg, in the Duchy of Württemberg (now part of Germany), where his father (also John Conrad Weiser), as a member of the Württemberg Blue Dragoons, was stationed. Soon after Conrad&#39;s birth, his father received a discharge from the Blue Dragoons and moved back to the family ancestral home of Gross Aspach. Fever claimed the life of his mother, Anna Magdalena, in 1709 after war, pestilence, and an unusually cold and long winter ravaged the lands. Wallace notes that Conrad Weiser (senior) wrote for his children, "Buried beside Her Ancestors, she was a god-fearing woman and much loved by Her neighbors. Her motto was Jesus I live for thee, I die for thee, thine am I in life and death."</p><br>
<p>His family moved to the frontier town of Schoharie, New York by 1710 at the expense of Queen Anne. There the German immigrants were placed into indentured servitude, as per a signed agreement, to burn tar to pay for the journey.</p><br>
<p>When he was only 16, Weisers father agreed to a chiefs proposal for him to live with the Mohawks in the upper Schoharie Valley. During his stay with them in the winter and spring of 1712–1713, Weiser endured hardships of cold, hunger and homesickness, but he learned a great deal about the Mohawk language and the customs of the Iroquois. Conrad Weiser returned to his own people towards the end of July 1713.</p><br>
<p>On November 22, 1720, at the age of 24, he married a young German girl, Anna Eve Feck. In 1723 the couple followed the Susquehanna River south and settled their young family on a farm in Tulpehocken near present-day Reading, Pennsylvania. The couple had fourteen children, but only seven reached adulthood.</p><br>
<h3>Service to Pennsylvania</h3><br>
<p>Weiser&#39;s colonial service began in 1731. The Iroquois sent Shikellamy, an Oneida chief, as an emissary to other tribes and the British. Shikellamy lived on the Susquehanna River at Shamokin village, near present-day Sunbury, Pennsylvania and Shikellamy State Park. An oral tradition holds that Weiser met Shikellamy while hunting. In any case, the two became friends. When Shikellamy traveled to Philadelphia for a council with the Province of Pennsylvania, he brought Weiser with him. The Iroquois trusted him and considered him an adopted son of the Mohawks. Weiser impressed the Pennsylvania governor and council, which thereafter relied heavily on his services. Weiser also interpreted in a follow-up council in Philadelphia in August, 1732.</p><br>
<p>During the treaty in Philadelphia of 1736, Shikellamy, Weiser and the Pennsylvanians negotiated a deed whereby the Iroquois sold the land drained by the Delaware River and south of the Blue Mountains. Since the Iroquois had never until then laid claim to this land, this purchase represented a significant swing in Pennsylvanian policy toward the Native Americans. William Penn had never taken sides in disputes between tribes, but by this purchase, the Pennsylvanians were favoring the Iroquois over the Lenape. Along with the Walking Purchase of the following year, his treaty exacerbated Pennsylvania-Lenape relations. The results of this policy shift would help induce the Lenape to side with the French during the French and Indian Wars, which would result in many colonial deaths. It did, however, help induce the Iroquois to continue to side with the British over the French.</p><br>
<p>During the winter of 1737, Weiser attempted to broker a peace between southern tribes and the Iroquois. Having survived high snow, freezing temperatures and starvation rations during the six-week journey to the Iroquois capital of Onondaga, he managed to convince the Iroquois not to send any war parties in the spring, but he failed to convince them to send emissaries to parlay with the southern tribes. Impressed with his fortitude in the pursuit of peace, the Iroquois named Weiser "Tarachiawagon", or "Holder of the Heavens." Spill-over violence from a war between the Iroquois and southern tribes such as the Catawba would have drawn first Virginia, and then Pennsylvania, into conflict with the Iroquois. Therefore, this peace-brokering had a profound effect on Native American/colonial relations.</p><br>
<p>In 1742, he interpreted at a treaty with the Iroquois at Philadelphia, at which time they were paid for the land purchased in 1736. During this council, the Onondaga chief Canasatego castigated the Lenape for engaging in land sales, and ordered them to remove their settlements to either the Wyoming Valley or Shamokin village. This accelerated the Lenape migration to the Ohio Valley, which had begun as early as the 1720s. There, they would be positioned to trade with the French, and launch raids as far east as the Susquehanna River during the French and Indian Wars.</p><br>
<p>In 1744, Weiser acted as the interpreter for the Treaty of Lancaster, between representatives of the Iroquois and the colonies of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. During the final day of the treaty, on 1744-07-04, Canasatego, the Onondaga chief, spoke of the Iroquois concepts of political unity:</p><br>
<p>"Our wise forefathers established Union and Amity between the Five Nations. This has made us formidable; this has given us great Weight and Authority with our neighboring Nations. We are a powerful Confederacy; and by your observing the same methods, our wise forefathers have taken, you will acquire such Strength and power. Therefore whatever befalls you, never fall out with one another."</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Franklin printed this speech, which influenced American concepts of political unity.</p><br>
<p>Significantly, after the Treaty of Lancaster, both Virginia and Pennsylvania acted as if the Iroquois had sold them the rights to the Ohio Valley, but the Iroquois did not believe they had done so.</p><br>
<p>In 1748, Pennsylvania sent Conrad Weiser to Logstown, a council and trade village on the Ohio River. Here he held council with chiefs representing 10 tribes, including Lenape and Shawnee, and the Iroquois. He arrived at a treaty of friendship between Pennsylvania and these tribes. Threatened by this development and the continued activity of British traders in the Ohio valley, the French redoubled their diplomatic efforts and began to build a string of forts, culminating in Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburgh, in 1754.</p><br>
<p>In 1750, he traveled again to Onondaga, he found the political dynamics in the Six Nations had shifted. Canasatego, always pro-British, had died. Several Iroquois tribes were leaning toward the French, although the Mohawks remained pro-British.</p><br>
<p>Early in the summer of 1754, on the eve of the French and Indian War, Weiser was a member of a Pennsylvania delegation to Albany. London had invoked the meeting, hoping to win assurances of Iroquois support in the looming war with the French. Present were representatives of the Iroquois and seven colonies. Because of divisions within both the British and Native American ranks, the council did not result in the treaty of support that the crown desired. Instead, each colony made the best deal it could with individual Iroquois leaders. Weiser was able to negotiate one of the more successful, in which some lower-level chiefs deeded to the colony most of the land remaining in present-day Pennsylvania, including the southwestern part, still claimed by Virginia.</p><br>
<p>In 1756, Weiser was appointed along with Ben Franklin to construct a series of forts between the Delaware River and the Susquehanna River.</p><br>
<p>In the fall of 1758, Weiser attended a council at Easton. Representation included leaders from Pennsylvania, the Iroquois and other Native American tribes. Weiser helped smooth over the tense meeting. With the Treaty of Easton, the tribes in the Ohio Valley agreed to abandon the French. This collapse of Native American support was a factor in the French decision to demolish Fort Duquesne and withdraw from the Forks of the Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Throughout this decades-long career, Weisers knowledge of Native American languages and culture made him a key player in treaty negotiations, land purchases, and the formulation of Pennsylvanias policies towards Native Americans. Because of his early experiences with the Iroquois, Weiser was inclined to be sympathetic to their interpretation of events, as opposed to the Lenape or the Shawnee. This may have exacerbated Pennsylvanian-Lenape/Shawnee relations, with bloody consequences in the French and Indian Wars. Nevertheless, for many years, he helped to keep the powerful Iroquois, or Six Nations, allied with the British as opposed to the French. This important service contributed to the continued survival of the British colonies and the eventual victory of the British over the French in the French and Indian Wars.</p><br>
<h3>Conrad Weiser Homestead</h3><br>
<p>The Conrad Weiser Homestead is a Pennsylvania state historic site located in Womelsdorf, Berks County, Pennsylvania which interprets the life of Conrad Weiser. Weiser was an 18th-century German immigrant who served as an Indian interpreter and who helped coordinate Pennsylvanias Indian policy. He played a major role in the history of colonial Pennsylvania. The Conrad Weiser Homestead is located on Rt. 422, within easy driving distance of Philadelphia, Lancaster, Hershey and Harrisburg. The Conrad Weiser Homestead includes period buildings, and a new orientation exhibit, on a 26 acre Olmsted-designed landscaped park. Conrad Weiser’s historical contributions to Pennsylvania simply cannot be overlooked. Weiser was predominantly responsible for negotiating every major treaty between the colonial settlers in Pennsylvania and the Iroquois Nations from 1731 until 1758. In addition to serving as one of the most knowledgeable and successful liaisons between the Indian and the colonist, Weiser was chiefly responsible for both the settlement of the town of Reading, Pennsylvania and the establishment of Berks County. Finally, in 1755, Weiser organized a local militia to quell Indian uprisings during the American phase of the Seven Years War, and was appointed Colonel of the First Battalion of the Pennsylvania Regiment a year later. Exempting some Berks County locals and various individuals with genealogical ties to this man, few are conscious about the relevance, let alone the existence, of Conrad Weiser. Weiser was born in Astaat, Germany in 1696. His family migrated to America in 1710, settling in New York State. It was in this vicinity where he initially gained contact with the Iroquois Nations. At the age of fifteen he voluntarily decided to live amidst the Mohawk tribe of the Iroquois. Conrad attained significant knowledge of not only the language but also the customs and traditions of the Mohawk tribe, which proved invaluable later in his career. For example, Weiser was one of the few Indian/Colonial interpreters who comprehended the overwhelming significance of the use of Wampum in conducting matters of diplomacy with the Iroquois. Weiser moved to the Tulpehocken area in Pennsylvania in 1729, erecting a house upon a farmstead that would eventually contain 890 acre of land. Weiser’s knowledge of the Iroquois was immediately employed, as an Oneida Iroquois, Shikellamy, enlisted Weiser’s abilities as a diplomat to negotiate a series of land ownership treaties between the Pennsylvania colonists and the Indians. Weiser was able to maintain fairly stable relations between the Pennsylvania government and the Iroquois Nation during the 1730s and 1740s. Weiser’s success in mediating Indian/Colonial politics established a tremendous ethos of credibility in the eyes of the Pennsylvania Government. Weiser was appointed Lancaster County Magistrate in 1741, thrusting him into his first “official” role in colonial government. He continued to negotiate territorial matters with the Indians in this position. Then in 1748, Weiser was named one of the commissioners of the town of Reading, in which he bought a plot of land and built a second house. Weiser made several journeys to New York and Central Pennsylvania to attend to matters of Iroquois diplomacy. However, by 1752, Weiser had grown rather exhausted in negotiating with the Indians, and decided to attend to local affairs. Weiser desired to establish a separate county from Lancaster in which the town of Reading would be located. His wish was granted, as the county of Berks was created in 1752. Additionally, Weiser was appointed the county’s first justice of the peace. The American segment of the Seven Years&#39; War erupted in 1754. An incident in 1755 known as the “Penn’s Creek Massacre” left several colonials dead and many others missing in the wake of Indian attacks in northern Pennsylvania. In response to this uprising, Weiser was placed in charge of a local militia in the Tulpehocken region. Then in 1756, Weiser was appointed Colonel of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. Until 1758, he spent most of his time riding between Forts Northkill, Lebanon, and Henry in Berks County as well as other forts under his charge. Weiser conducted his final substantial contribution to Indian/Colonial diplomacy in 1758, negotiating the Treaty of Easton, which concluded the vast majority of Indian insurrection in the eastern third of Pennsylvania. He retired to his house in Reading after completion of this treaty and expired in 1760. Weiser’s body currently resides in a family burial plot to the west of what was believed to have been his house in the Tulpehocken area.</p><br>
<h3>Other careers</h3><br>
<p>Between 1734 and 1741, Weiser became a follower of Conrad Beissel, a German Seventh Day Baptist preacher. For six years, he lived at the monastic settlement, Ephrata Cloister, in the Ephrata Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. His wife lived there only a few months before returning to their farm. Weiser would visit her frequently enough, however, to father four more children. In addition, he took leaves of absence for diplomatic duties, such as those in 1736 and 1737. Weiser left the cloister in 1741 after becoming disenchanted with the leadership of Beissel and returned to the Lutheran faith of his father.</p><br>
<p>In addition, he followed a mixed career as a farmer, land owner and speculator, tanner, and merchant. He created the plan for the city of Reading in 1748, was a key figure in the creation of Berks County in 1752 and served as its Justice of the Peace until 1760. Conrad was also teacher and a lay minister of the Lutheran Church, and founded Trinity Church in Reading.</p><br>
<p>In 1756, during the French and Indian War, the Lenape began with raids into central Pennsylvania. As Pennsylvania organized a militia, Conrad was made a Lt. Colonel. Working with Benjamin Franklin, he planned and established a series of forts between the Delaware and Susquehanna Rivers. When General Forbes evicted the French from Fort Duquesne in 1758, the threat subsided.</p><br>
<h2>Possible museum closure</h2><br>
<p>In 2008, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC), proposed to close this and several other historic properties because of a budget deficit and relatively few paying visitors. Funding was cut in 2009, and several buildings closed.</p><br>
<p>Since 2012, the buildings are opened on the first Sunday of every month, based on an agreement between the PHMC and the site&#39;s Friends. The park areas are open from dawn to dusk every day.</p><br>
<p>The William Bull III House is on a hill overlooking the Wallkill River in the Town of Wallkill in Orange County, New York. It was built by Bull, who was the grandson of early settlers Sarah Wells and William Bull, sometime in the 1780s. William Bull III was a lieutenant in the American Revolution under Col. Oliver Spencer and was at Valley Forge. He received a brevet commission for merit from Lord Sterling after the Battle of Monmouth.</p><br>
<p>Bull and his son William IV, on returning home in 1781 from serving with Gen. George Washington&#39;s campaign against the British, had been impressed with the buildings of Baltimore and other Atlantic seaports visited during his military service.</p><br>
<p>The name "Brick Castle" is shared among a few early brick homes constructed in the area around the same time. Bull decided upon arriving home to build a brick homestead. Bulls grandfather built many stone houses through the area including Knox Headquarters in Vails Gate in 1756. It is possible that the elder Bull also contributed to construction of is Gen. Washingtons headquarters at Newburgh, NY.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>and The Bull Stone House, which the elder Bull began to build in 1722 and took 13 years to complete, still stands today and is owned and occupied by his descendants.</p><br>
<p>Most of the materials for Bulls Brick Castle were taken from the land around the farm, including the clay. Ostensibly the brick kilns were built on site, but remains have to yet to be recovered. A New York State Historical Register sign on the site states that the building was constructed "for a price of $800.00." This statement has never been verified, nor what construction costs it actually covered. The original homestead was a timber cabin with stone foundations. No portions of the original structure are visible. William Bulls descendants were dairy farmers, and the property was maintained as a dairy farm until 1964. Only one other historic structure, an 1830s carriage house, remains on the property. The other outbuildings were destroyed in by fire in 1964. Six generations of the family have lived there, and it remains a private residence for Bull&#39;s descendants today.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 25, 1986.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary Catholic Church is a Catholic parish in the city of Mt. Angel, Oregon, United States in Marion County. It was originally established to serve German immigrants who began arriving in this area of the northern Willamette Valley in 1867. Mathias Butsch became the Catholic community&#39;s leader and founder. The parish church, built in 1912, was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The church contains 18 original stained-glass windows.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Boone Homestead, the birthplace of American frontiersman Daniel Boone, is a museum and historic house that is administered by the Friends of the Daniel Boone Homestead near Birdsboro in Berks County, Pennsylvania. It is located on nearly 600 acre and is the largest site owned by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. The staff at Daniel Boone Homestead interpret the lives of the three main families that lived at the Homestead: the Boones, the Maugridges and the DeTurks. The park is just off USA Route 422 north of Birdsboro in Exeter Township.</p><br>
<h2>Homestead</h2><br>
<h3>Squire Boone</h3><br>
<p>In 1730, Squire Boone, Daniel Boone&#39;s father, built a log cabin in the Oley Valley in what is now Berks County near present-day Reading. Daniel Boone was born in the -story log house. One wall was built of native stone. The basement of the house served as a spring house. It provided easy access to water for cleaning, cooking and drinking. The springhouse also was useful for cold storage.</p><br>
<p>Squire Boone expanded his property in 1741 when he purchased 25 acre of land for use as a pasture for his dairy cattle. Squire Boone was a blacksmith and weaver. The responsibility for tending the cattle was given to Daniel. During the summer months he stayed in a rustic cabin at the edge of the pasture. From there he was able to protect the cattle from predators such as the black bear, bobcat, and mountain lions.</p><br>
<p>The Boone family became a source of controversy in the local Quaker community. In 1742, Boones parents were compelled to publicly apologize after their eldest child Sarah married a non-Quaker. When Boones oldest brother Israel also married a non-Quaker in 1747, Squire Boone stood by his son and was therefore expelled from the Quakers, although his wife continued to attend monthly meetings with her children. Perhaps as a result of this controversy, in 1750 Squire sold his land and moved the family south. The Boones eventually settled on the Yadkin River, in what is now Davie County, North Carolina, about two miles (3 km) west of Mocksville.</p><br>
<h3>Maugridge and DeTurk</h3><br>
<p>Ownership of the Daniel Boone Homestead was transferred in 1750 to William Maugridge, a relative of the Boones from Philadelphia and an associate of Benjamin Franklin. He was a shipwright and carpenter. The home underwent an expansion either just before or just after the time that it was transferred to Maugridge. This addition created a two-story house. The house featured a typical hall and parlor as well as a "bible closet".</p><br>
<p>Maugridge died in 1766 and the property was then purchased by John DeTurk. DeTurk remodeled the house completely. He removed the walls of the log cabin and had them rebuilt with stone. DeTurk may have also built the smokehouse that can be seen today at the park. Several other farmers owned the land in the years following DeTurk&#39;s death before an effort to preserve it for historical purposes was undertaken in 1926.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>The Reverend A. B. Vossler of nearby Birdsboro, Pennsylvania purchased the farm with the help of William C. Foote of East Orange, New Jersey in 1926. They later sold it to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1937 in order to preserve and protect the homestead of Daniel Boone. Restoration began soon afterward and many examples of colonial life in the Oley Valley have been moved to the site of the Daniel Boone Homestead. A circa 1769 blacksmith&#39;s shop has been restored at the park as well as the "Bertolet House," an example of early 18th-century Pennsylvania German architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Daniel Boone&#39;s youth</h2><br>
<p>Daniel Boone was born on October 22, 1734. Because the Gregorian calendar was adopted during Boones lifetime, his birth date is given as November 2, 1734 (the "New Style" date), although Boone always used the October date. He was the sixth of eleven children in a family of Quakers. His father, Squire Boone (1696–1765), had immigrated to Pennsylvania from the small town of Bradninch, England in 1713. Squire Boones parents George and Mary Boone followed their son to Pennsylvania in 1717, and in 1720 built a log cabin at Boonecroft. In 1720, Squire, who worked primarily as a weaver and a blacksmith, married Sarah Morgan (1700–1777), whose family members were Quakers from Wales.</p><br>
<p>Boone spent his early years on what was then the western edge of the Pennsylvania frontier. The pacifist Quakers generally had good relations with the Native Americans—but the steady growth of the white population compelled many Indians to relocate further west. Boone received his first rifle in 1749, beginning his lifelong love of hunting. Folk tales often emphasized Boone&#39;s skills as a hunter. In one story, the young Boone is hunting in the woods with some other boys. The scream of a panther scatters the boys, except for Boone, who calmly cocks his squirrel gun and shoots the animal through the heart just as it leaps at him. As with so many tales about Boone, the story may or may not be true, but it was told so often that it became part of the popular image of the man.</p><br>
<p>Douglas County High School was the high school serving Douglas County, Nevada from 1915 to the mid-1950s when it became a middle school. In 1988, the building was retired from educational uses. Designed by prolific Nevada architect Frederic Joseph DeLongchamps, it serves today as both the Carson Valley Museum & Cultural Center and a middle school and is listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Carson Valley Museum & Cultural Center</h2><br>
<p>The Carson Valley Museum & Cultural Center is operated by the Douglas County Historical Society. The museums displays include a "Main Street" exhibit with period businesses such as a mercantile, dry goods and drug store, doctors office, barbershop and newspaper office. Other exhibits include area Basque immigrants, Native Americans, Nevada&#39;s wild and free-roaming mustangs.</p><br>
<h2>Douglas High School</h2><br>
<p>The high school moved to Minden. It is known as Douglas High School and is still in operation today.</p><br>
<p>The Endor Iron Furnace was an iron furnace that operated from 1861–1864 and again from 1870–1871, near Cumnock, Lee County, North Carolina. It was constructed between 1862 and 1864 to take advantage of the iron deposits along the Deep River. The furnace is constructed of soft local reddish-gray stones and measures approximately 32 feet square at the base and rises to a height of about 35 feet. During the American Civil War, the furnace produced pig iron for the Confederate Army.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the property was acquired by the Triangle Land Conservancy.</p><br>
<p>The Steele&#39;s Hill–Grafton Hill Historic District, or simply known locally as Grafton Hill, is a small 18-block sector of Dayton, Ohio, United States that was developed in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>In 1986, Steele&#39;s Hill–Grafton Hill was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although sometimes considered part of Dayton View, Grafton Hill has its own separate and important existence and history. It was developed at a time when Dayton&#39;s population was moving from the center of the city outward, north of the Miami River. Grafton Hill was enlarged and enriched in 1875 when John Stoddard, a wealthy and prominent farm implement manufacturer, developed the exclusive Belmonte Park residential area. The construction of the Dayton Art Institute and the Dayton Masonic Temple added to the affluent aura of the community. Today, Grafton Hill is known for the depth of its economic and cultural diversity. The fashionable nature of Grafton Hill remains intact and continues to be celebrated.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architecture of Steele Hill–Grafton Hill Historic District include Jacobeathan style but also contains Queen Anne, Victorian, Craftsman, Classical Revival and Tudor style homes.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago Board of Trade Building is a 44-story, 184 m Art Deco skyscraper located in the Chicago Loop, standing at the foot of the LaSalle Street canyon. Built in 1930 for the Chicago Board of Trade , it has served as the primary trading venue of the CBOT and later the CME Group, formed in 2007 by the merger of the CBOT and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. In 2012, the CME Group sold the CBOT Building to a consortium of real estate investors, including GlenStar Properties LLC and USAA Real Estate Company.</p><br>
<p>The CBOT has been located at the site since 1885. A building designed by William W. Boyington stood at the location from 1885 to 1929, being the tallest building in Chicago from its construction until its clock tower was removed in 1895. The Boyington building became unsound in the 1920s and was demolished in 1929, replaced by the current building designed by Holabird & Root. The current building was itself Chicago&#39;s tallest until 1965, when it was surpassed by the Richard J. Daley Center.</p><br>
<p>The current structure is known for its Art Deco architecture, sculptures and large-scale stone carving, as well as large trading floors. An aluminum, three-story Art Deco statue of Ceres, goddess of agriculture (particularly grain), caps the building. The building is a popular sightseeing attraction and location for shooting movies, and its owners and management have won awards for efforts to preserve the building and for office management. The building was listed as a Chicago Landmark in 1977 and a National Historic Landmark and National Register of Historic Places honoree in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<h3>Early locations</h3><br>
<p>On April 3, 1848, the Board of Trade opened for business at 101 South Water Street, in a room over the Gage and Haines Flour Store. When 122 members were added in 1856, it was moved to the corner of South Water and LaSalle Streets. After another temporary relocation west on South Water Street in 1860, the first permanent home was established within the Chamber of Commerce Building on the corner of LaSalle and Washington Streets in 1865. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed this building. The exchange temporarily reopened two weeks after the fire in a 90 ft wooden building known as "the Wigwam" at the intersection of Washington and Market Streets, before reclaiming its home in a new building constructed at the Chamber of Commerce site one year later.</p><br>
<h3>1885 building</h3><br>
<p>In 1882, construction began on the CBOTs new home, which opened at the current location on May 1, 1885. The building was designed by William W. Boyington, best known today for his work on the Chicago Water Tower. It faced Jackson Street with 180 ft feet of frontage and was built from structural steel and granite taken from the Fox Island quarry near Vinalhaven, Maine. With a rear of enameled brick, it was 10 stories tall and featured a tower 320 ft tall containing a large clock and 4,500 lb bell, topped by a 9 ft copper weather vane in the shape of a ship. The interiors were finished in mahogany and frescoed. Construction cost was $1.8 million. With four elevators and a great hall measuring 152 x, decorated by a stained-glass skylight and ornate stone balusters, it was the first commercial building in Chicago to have electric lighting. It was also the first building in the city to exceed 300 ft in height and at the time was the tallest building in Chicago. The buildings formal dedication ceremonies, which were described by a contemporary as "brilliant and imposing", took place on April 29, 1885, and were attended by over four thousand persons including dignitaries from around the world.</p><br>
<p>The building attracted tourists, visitors, and protesters. The inaugural banquet for the building opening was marched on by a sizable column of Chicago labor activists, under the International Working People&#39;s Association banner and led by Albert Parsons, Lucy Parsons, and Lizzie Holmes. "The building, on which two million dollars had been lavished in the midst of an economic depression, was denounced by the anarchists as... the crowning symbol of all that was hateful in the private property system." The procession were cheered by thousands of spectators. Their access to the Board of Trade was blocked by a phalanx of police, first at Jackson, then at LaSalle, finally coming to within a half-block of the building, "bathed in a sea of electric light only recently installed for the occasion".</p><br>
<p>Viewing galleries were opened to the public for the first time in honor of the 1893 World&#39;s Columbian Exposition. Built on caissons surrounded by muck, the trading house was rendered structurally unsound in the 1920s when construction began across the street on the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. The 1885 building was subsequently demolished in 1929, and the exchange temporarily moved to Van Buren and Clark while a new building was constructed at the LaSalle and Jackson site.</p><br>
<p>The 1885 allegorical architectural sculptures of 35 ft Industry and Agriculture, two figures of a four-piece set, were removed from the original building and now stand in a nearby pedestrian plaza.</p><br>
<h2>1930 building</h2><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>In 1925, the Chicago Board of Trade commissioned Holabird & Root to design the current building. The general contractors Hegeman & Harris built it for $11.3 million, although the reported twenty-year mortgage value was $12 million. Clad in gray Indiana limestone, topped with a copper pyramid roof, and standing on a site running 174 ft east–west on Jackson Boulevard and 240 ft north–south on LaSalle Street, the 605 ft tall art deco-styled building opened on June 9, 1930. It serves as the southern border for the skyscrapers hugging LaSalle Street and is taller than surrounding structures for several blocks. The Chicago Board of Trade has operated continuously on its fourth floor since the 1930 opening, dedicating 19,000 ft&sup2; to what was then the world&#39;s largest trading floor. Built in 1930 and first designated a Chicago Landmark on May 4, 1977, the building was listed as a National Historic Landmark on June 2, 1978. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 16, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The advent of steel frame structural systems allowed completely vertical construction; but as with many skyscrapers of the era, the exterior was designed with multiple setbacks at increasing heights, which served to allow additional light into the ever-deepening concrete valleys in urban cores. At night, the setbacks are upwardly lit by floodlights, further emphasizing the structure&#39;s vertical elements. The night illumination design was a common contemporary Chicago architectural theme, seen also in the Wrigley Building, the Jewelers Building, the Palmolive Building, the LaSalle-Wacker Building, and the Tribune Tower.</p><br>
<p>Interior decoration includes polished surfaces throughout, the use of black and white marble, prominent vertical hallway trim, and an open three-story lobby which at the time of opening housed the worlds largest light fixture. Though One LaSalle Street had five more floors, the CBOT building was the first in Chicago to exceed a height of 600 ft. After surpassing the Chicago Temple Building, it was the tallest in Chicago until the Daley Center was completed in 1965. Known for its work on the Brooklyn Bridge, the family-operated factory of John A. Roebling supplied all of the cables used in the buildings 23 Otis elevators. Beneath the main trading floor, over 2,700 mi of telephone and telegraph wires were once hidden. No less than 150,000 mi of wires (considered possibly the most direct long-distance wire from any building) once ran from the room. Although the building was commissioned for the Chicago Board of Trade, its first tenant was the Quaker Oats Company, which moved in on May 1, 1930.</p><br>
<h3>Artwork</h3><br>
<p>Sculptural work by Alvin Meyer, the one-time head of Holabird & Roots sculpture department, is prominent on the buildings façade, and represents the trading activities within. On each side of the 13 ft diameter clock facing LaSalle Street are hooded figures, a Babylonian holding grain and a Native American holding corn. Similar figures are repeated at the uppermost corners of the central tower, just below the sloping roof. About 30 ft above street level, representations of bulls protrude directly from the limestone cladding on the building&#39;s north side and to a lesser degree on the east side, a reference to a bull market.</p><br>
<p>The central structure is capped by a 6,500 pound, 31 ft tall aluminum statue by sculptor John H. Storrs of the Roman goddess of grain, Ceres, holding a sheaf of wheat in the left hand and a bag of corn in the right hand, as a nod to the exchange&#39;s heritage as a commodities market. This statue was assembled from 40 pieces.</p><br>
<p>Commissioned in 1930 but removed from the agricultural trading room in 1973 and stored until 1982, John W. Norton&#39;s three-story mural of Ceres shown bare-breasted in a field of grain underwent extensive restoration in Spring Grove, Illinois, by Louis Pomerantz before being displayed in the atrium of the 1980s addition.</p><br>
<h3>Trading floor</h3><br>
<p>According to the June 16, 1930, issue of Time magazine, visitors carrying ripened wheat heads stared in curiosity at the six-story tall trading room directly above the lobby and behind the large windows below the clock facing LaSalle Street. At the center of the room, Time reported on the items being traded in "pits" organized based on commodities type with pits names such as the corn pit, soybean pit or wheat pit. The individual pits are raised octagonal structures where open outcry trading occurs. Steps up the outside of each octagon provide an amphitheater atmosphere, and enable a large number of traders to see each other and communicate during trading hours. With early versions dating back to 1870, this type of trading pit was patented in 1878.</p><br>
<p>The trading area is surrounded by desks allowing workers to support transactions. In the early days, the desks served as a relay point between the pits and those wishing to buy or sell. When trade orders and information began to be communicated by telegraph, Morse code operators were employed, later replaced by phone operators.</p><br>
<p>Subsequent additions to the Board of Trade Building moved the agricultural and financial trading floors out of the original trading room and into new spaces in the additions to the building&#39;s rear in the 1980s. In 2004, the historic 1930 trading floor, already substantially altered (and unused for more than two years), was demolished and its pits filled with concrete. It was renovated in a modern style and is now leased to a privately owned options trading firm.</p><br>
<h3>Expansion</h3><br>
<p>In 1980, the owners added a 275 ft 23-story expansion to the south side of the building. It was topped by an octagonal ornament shaped similarly to the terraced trading pits and was designed in a postmodern style by Helmut Jahn. Colored black and silver, with a sunlit atrium on the 12th floor facing the south wall of the older structure, the annex provided a four-story granite lined agricultural trading floor, then the world&#39;s largest at 32,000 ft&sup2;. It was nicknamed the "Arboretum" by some in reference to expansion supporter CBOT Chairman Patrick H. Arbor. The expansion included price boards 600 ft long and supported 12,000 computers, 6,000 voice devices, and 2,000 video devices requiring 27,000 mi of cable.</p><br>
<p>Collectively, the trading floors now encompass approximately 115,150 ft&sup2;. The logo of the CBOT represents a trading pit, and appears prominently on stonework facing Clark Street and on street-level barriers at the service entrance on Van Buren Street. The addition has a twelve-story atrium and melds historical and contemporary design with art deco references such as setbacks, central tower, symmetrical projecting wings, pyramidal roof and abstract cascade and scallop lobby design. Between the original and new buildings, where there was formerly a street, a wide street-level walkway connects the plaza on LaSalle Street to Van Buren Street in what would ordinarily be the building&#39;s first floor. Passing over the Van Buren Street elevated tracks, a green glass-enclosed steel-frame bridge connects the lower southwest corner of the 23 story addition to the Chicago Board Options Exchange (although this bridge was closed to pedestrian traffic in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks for security reasons).</p><br>
<h3>Renovation and 21st century</h3><br>
<p>In 2005, the building underwent an extensive $20 million renovation directed by Chicago architect Gunny Harboe, whose restoration work included Loop landmarks the Rookery Building and Reliance Building. The project included restoration of the main lobby to emphasize the design features of the art deco era, elevator modernization, façade renovation and cleaning, and the continued renovation of upper floor corridors and hallways. Though impractically small for modern use, mailboxes in the lobby were restored to their original condition to follow the theme of vertical lines found throughout the complex. An improved electrical infrastructure, with ten main feeds from seven different Commonwealth Edison electrical substations, was added in addition to redundant cooling systems and upgraded telecommunications capabilities.</p><br>
<p>When the old CBOT building was demolished in 1929, two 4.5 ST 12 ft tall gray granite statues of classically styled goddesses were moved from the second floor ledge above the main entrance into the gardens of the 500 acre estate of Arthur W. Cutten, a wheat and cotton speculator who went bankrupt during the Great Depression. One goddess represents agriculture and is shown standing with wheat and leaning on a cornucopia. The other represents industry and appears with the bow of a ship and an anvil. The statues were found in 1978 near Glen Ellyn, Illinois by the Forest Preserve District of DuPage County, on land acquired from Cuttens estate. After being displayed in a parking lot at Danada Forest Preserve for several years, both were returned to the CBOT buildings plaza and rededicated on June 9, 2005.</p><br>
<p>In September 2011, the intersection of LaSalle Street and Jackson Boulevard in front of the building became the headquarters for the Occupy Chicago protest movement. On April 23, 2013, the CME Group sold the north and south towers of the building at 141 W. Jackson Blvd. for $151.5 million to a joint venture between GlenStar Properties LLC and USAA Real Estate Co. The CME will retain ownership of the smaller east building at 333 S. LaSalle St. CME signed a 15-year lease for the 150,000 ft&sup2; it occupies in the two towers.</p><br>
<h2>Surroundings</h2><br>
<p>The LaSalle Street canyon is home to other historic buildings including the Rookery Building, a National Historic Landmark considered to be the oldest standing high-rise. A 1907 renovation included a lobby remodeled by Frank Lloyd Wright in the Prairie School style. The name rookery comes from the previous building on the property which became home to many birds, especially pigeons. The nearby Reliance Building was the first skyscraper to have large plate glass windows comprise the majority of its surface area, and One North LaSalle was for some time one of Chicago&#39;s tallest buildings. Both the Reliance Building and One North LaSalle are on the National Register of Historic Places. Since 1853, the governments of Chicago and Cook County have shared three different buildings at the north end of the canyon. The current Chicago City Hall, built in a Classical Revival style, was designed to symbolize the strength, dignity, and vigor of the government. Completed in 2001, an award-winning green roof was incorporated into the structure. All of the structures are designated as Chicago Landmarks.</p><br>
<p>Other nearby buildings of note include the Continental Commercial National Bank, now called 208 South LaSalle Street, which broke records in 1911 as the citys most expensive development, with a cost exceeding $10 million. The Rand-McNally Building that had served as the headquarters of the Worlds Columbian Exposition was demolished to accommodate the structure. Both the Federal Reserve Bank and 208 South LaSalle demonstrate the popularity of neoclassical architecture during the late 19th and early 20th centuries and were meant to project a sense of financial security.</p><br>
<p>One mile (1.6 km) west of Lake Michigan and in the southwest corner of the Loop, the building is near two elevated stations of the Chicago L. The Quincy station is one block to the west and the LaSalle/VanBuren station is between the CBOT and the Chicago Stock Exchange; both stations are served by the Orange, Purple, Pink, and Brown Lines. Additionally, Blue Line service is provided at the Jackson and LaSalle stations, each two blocks away. Union Station stands five blocks to the west on Jackson Boulevard, providing terminal service for Amtrak and select service for Metra. Additional Metra service is provided at the LaSalle Street Station, two blocks due south.</p><br>
<h2>Tenants</h2><br>
<p>The CME Group occupied 33 percent of available space in 2006, while financial and trading concerns occupied 54 percent of the three-building complex. In addition to Ceres Cafe on the first floor of the lobby, other businesses provide banking, insurance, travel services, beauty services, and healthcare. Some business have been in the building for over 40 years, and throughout its history, commodities speculators, such as "Prince of the Pit" Richard Dennis, have maintained offices in the building. In 2007, the USA Futures Exchange, a competitor of the CBOT formerly known as Eurex US, announced a move from the Sears Tower into the 14th floor of the CBOT building. Originally built for the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), it became the primary trading venue for the derivatives exchange, the CME Group, formed in 2007 by the merger of the CBOT and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. In 2012, the CME Group sold the CBOT Building to a consortium of real estate investors, including GlenStar Properties LLC and USAA Real Estate Company.</p><br>
<h2>Visitors</h2><br>
<p>The CBOT building has been the site of a number of visits by dignitaries, including the Prince of Wales in October 1977. In 1991, George H. W. Bush became the first President of the United States to visit the Exchange, where he delivered a speech from the soybean pit regarding the importance of agriculture to the American economy. A visit from former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev followed on May 7, 1992. In 2006, former US President Jimmy Carter and wife Rosalynn toured the CBOT while campaigning for their son Jacks run for a USA Senate seat from Nevada. During the 1996 Democratic National Convention, US Vice President Al Gore was hosted at the Exchanges Democratic Senatorial Campaign reception. Interest groups such as the Chicago Architecture Foundation and Inside Chicago Walking Tours provide scheduled tours showcasing the architecture and selected portions of the trading operations.</p><br>
<h2>Awards and honors</h2><br>
<p>1985: the 23-story addition won the Best Structure Award from the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois.</p><br>
<p>2006: the building was awarded the Landmarks Illinois&#39; annual Real Estate and Building Industries Council award for its preservation efforts.</p><br>
<p>2006: the Building Owners and Managers Association of Chicago presented the CBOT building with The Office Building of the Year award recognizing the high quality of office space and excellence in management of the building.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The 1885 building and trading pits were prominently featured in The Pit, the second novel by Frank Norris in The Epic of the Wheat trilogy. Life on the trading floor of the Chicago Board of Trade is detailed in the nonfiction book Leg the Spread by Cari Lynn (2004).</p><br>
<p>Trading operations have been used as scenes in movies such as Ferris Bueller&#39;s Day Off, and the streetscape in the LaSalle Street canyon is used in the movies The Untouchables, Road to Perdition, and Transformers: Dark of the Moon.</p><br>
<p>In Batman Begins, the Board of Trade Building represents the headquarters of Wayne Enterprises, but in the 2008 sequel, The Dark Knight, Wayne Enterprises was represented by the Richard J. Daley Center. The building itself appears in The Dark Knight. The building was once again used to represent Wayne Enterprises in the television show Batwoman. In the 2022 reboot The Batman, the Board of Trade Building is digitally amalgamated with the Royal Liver Building to portray the Gotham City Police Department&#39;s headquarters.</p><br>
<p>WCIU-TV broadcasts First Business with news of the Chicago Board of Trade. Former WVON-AM radio personality Don Cornelius began the popular dance show Soul Train in a cramped studio on the 43rd floor in 1970. When Cornelius moved the show to Los Angeles a year later, his assistant, Clinton Ghent took over the local show until it ended in 1976. Prior to Soul Train, shows filmed in the building were Kiddie A Go-Go, a dance show aimed at the pre-teen market which premiered in 1965 and Red Hot and Blues, a teen dance show hosted by local DJ Big Bill Hill which premiered in 1967. More recently, the building&#39;s interior and exterior portrayed the offices of the Daily Planet newspaper in the 2013 Superman reboot film, Man of Steel.</p><br>
<p>Although depicted with the tower in a Rand McNally map from 1893, later lithographs of the first 141 Jackson Street location display a red-roofed building without a tower. Memorabilia of the current building is abundant, with postcards of panoramic scenes from LaSalle Street, the clock, and lighted upper decks having been produced for decades. In views from the Museum Campus, the buildings crown is framed by the middle floors of the taller Sears Tower in the background. Photographer Andreas Gursky has used the location for still life prints such as 1997s Chicago Board of Trade, I and 1999&#39;s Chicago Board of Trade, II. A photograph of the exterior, from the Museum series by Thomas Struth, is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. An often-reproduced painting by Leslie Ragan for the New York Central Railroad depicts streamliner locomotives idling at LaSalle Street Station with the Board of Trade Building looming prominently in the background.</p><br>
<p>At 1211 North LaSalle Street on the citys Near North Side, a 16-story apartment hotel built in 1929 and converted into an apartment building in 1981 was used by muralist Richard Haas for trompe-lœil murals in homage to Chicago School architecture. One of the building&#39;s sides features the Chicago Board of Trade Building, intended as a reflection of the actual building two miles (3 km) south.</p><br>
<p>Haydenville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place  in southern Green Township, Hocking County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census the population of the CDP was 337.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Haydenville was founded in 1852. The community was named for Peter Hayden, the original owner of the town site. A post office has been in operation at Haydenville since 1870.</p><br>
<p>Haydenville was the last entirely owned company town in Ohio. Hayden established the Haydenville Mining and Manufacturing Company in 1882. The company owned every house and both stores in town. Employees were paid in scrip that they could only spend at the company store. They could not live there unless they worked there, if employees lost their jobs they also lost their home. Other stores were not allowed to open up in town. Only in the early 1960s, after the company was purchased by National Fireproofing Company, were workers allowed to purchase their homes from the company.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the community was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district under the name of "Haydenville Historic Town." Over 120 contributing properties were included in the historic district&#39;s 20 acre.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Haydenville lies along the Hocking River near USA Route 33, southeast of the city of Logan, the county seat of Hocking County. While most of the CDP is within Green Township, the community extends south into Starr Township. Its elevation is 705 ft, and it is located at 39&deg;28&prime;55&Prime;N latitude, 82&deg;19&prime;42&Prime;W longitude (39.4820130, -82.3282074). Although Haydenville is unincorporated, it has a post office, and a nearby cemetery. Its ZIP code is 43127.</p><br>
<p>According to the USA Census Bureau, the Haydenville CDP has a total area of 2.28 km&sup2, of which 2.22 km&sup2; are land and 0.07 km&sup2, or 2.89%, are water.</p><br>
<p>Watertown is an unincorporated community in southwestern Watertown Township, Washington County, Ohio, United States. It has a post office with the ZIP code 45787. It lies near the intersection of State Routes 339 and 676 near Wolf Creek, which meets the Muskingum River at Waterford to the north.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A post office called Watertown was established in 1826, and remained in operation until 1993. The first postmaster also was the town&#39;s first merchant when he opened a store in 1828.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, the community was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as a historic district, the "Watertown Historic District." Seventy-five buildings compose the district: three are built of brick, and the rest are white weatherboarded structures. Most of the contributing properties were built after the Civil War and before World War I. The importance of the district is derived from the architecture of most of its houses, largely because local carpenters made extensive use of Stick-Eastlake ornamental elements in their designs.</p><br>
<p>Coal Run is an unincorporated community in northeastern Waterford Township, Washington County, Ohio, United States. It has a post office with the ZIP code 45721. It is located along State Route 60 between the villages of Beverly and Lowell. The Muskingum River flows past the community.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Coal Run was laid out and platted in 1838, and named after a nearby stream of the same name noted for its coal deposits. A post office called Coal Run was established in 1837, and remained in operation until 1997.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, Coal Run was declared a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Eighty-seven buildings in the community, plus two other non-building sites, compose the historic district, which covers an area of approximately 138 acre. A range of architectural styles are present in the district, including the Federal and Victorian styles. Varied as well are the uses of the buildings: many houses are present, but shops, a post office, and a cemetery are also included within its boundaries. One of the community&#39;s residences is known as the Mason House; built in 1802, it is listed on the National Register by itself as well as qualifying as a contributing property to the district.</p><br>
<p>Hugh Mercer Apothecary was an apothecary founded by Hugh Mercer in the mid-18th century. Mercer was a doctor who fled Scotland after the Battle of Culloden. He travelled to Pennsylvania, where he met Colonel George Washington during the French and Indian War and later moved to Fredericksburg, Virginia, on Washington&#39;s advice to practice medicine and operate an apothecary.</p><br>
<p>In mid-2012, Preservation Virginia signed an agreement passing ownership to the "Washington Heritage Museums" group beginning in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The museum is located at 1020 Caroline Street in Fredericksburg, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>The Mast General Store is a general store located in Historic Valle Crucis, North Carolina. It is recognized by the National Register of Historic Places as one of the best remaining examples of the type. It is still the center of the community housing the post office  and offering coffee for 5¢ on the honor system. the business had expanded to eleven locations, including the original Store and annex, both located in Valle Crucis, North Carolina. The store sells commodities such as old-time hearth and home goods, outdoor clothing and gear, footwear, work clothes, old-fashioned wind-up toys, regional books and music, honey, and more than 500 varieties of old-fashioned candy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building that would become Mast General Store was constructed in 1882 by Henry Taylor and opened in 1883. W.W. Mast purchased half interest in the store in 1897, and the store was renamed the "Taylor and Mast General Store". In 1913, Mast purchased the remaining half of Taylors interest, and the business became known as the Mast General Store. The business stayed in the family through three generations until 1973, when it was sold to a doctor from Atlanta and a professor from Appalachian State University. The stores slogan was "if you can’t buy it here, you don’t need it", a reference to the immense variety of items for sale.</p><br>
<p>The business closed its doors in 1977, but reopened in 1980 when it was purchased by John and Faye Cooper. In 1996, it became an employee-owned company.</p><br>
<p>The first store outside of the Valle Crucis area was opened in 1988 in Boone. It was followed by three more stores, for a total of six Mast General Stores in North Carolina. A Waynesville location opened in 1991, Hendersonville in August 1995, Asheville in 1999. A smaller concept store, Mast Store Candy and More opened in Blowing Rock in March 2005 and has since closed. March 12, 2003 would see the first opening of a store outside of North Carolina, with a store opened in Greenville, South Carolina, The tenth store opened in Winston-Salem NC in May 2015. The eleventh and newest store location opened in Roanoke, Virginia in 2020.</p><br>
<h2>Historical recognition</h2><br>
<p>The Valle Crucis Mast General Store was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 3, 1973. North Carolina has recognized the valley in which it is located as the first Rural Historic District. It also won the L. Vincent Lowe, Jr. Business Award from Preservation North Carolina in 1998. This award is given to businesses that make special efforts to assist and/or promote historic preservation in North Carolina It is located in the Valle Crucis Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Green power</h2><br>
<p>The Mast General Store committed to purchasing 3.6 million kilowatt-hours per year of "Green Energy" in 2006. Traditional fossil fuel would create 750,000 pounds of carbon dioxide to generate the same amount of electricity. This commitment was part of a campaign by NCGreenPower to expand the use of renewable energy in North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The Colorado Governor&#39;s Mansion, also known as the Cheesman-Boettcher Mansion, is a historic USA mansion in Denver, Colorado. It is located at 400 East 8th Avenue. On December 3, 1969, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It is open free-of-charge for scheduled tours, and also hosts special public events.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This building is located in Denver on the southeast corner of 8th Avenue and Logan Street. The exact address is 400 E. 8th Avenue. The Governor&#39;s Mansion is also known as the Cheesman-Evans-Boettcher Mansion for its former owners.</p><br>
<p>The building was built in 1908 after a design by Denver architects Willis A. Marean and Albert J. Norton. The house was originally built as a residence for the widow and the daughter of Denver real estate tycoon Walter Cheesman.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was designed to accommodate two families. On November 8, 1908, Cheesmans daughter, Gladys, married John Evans II, the grandson of John Evans, the second territorial governor of Colorado. The widowed mother and young couple lived together until the birth of the Evans first child, after which they relocated. On January 2, 1923, Alice Foster Sanger Cheesman died.</p><br>
<p>Claude K. Boettcher purchased the mansion on February 23, 1923. Boettcher was the head of a financial empire that eventually included sugar, livestock, cement, potash, steel, securities, utilities, and transportation. Boettcher was famous for his lavish parties which included President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952. Boettcher died on June 9, 1957, and his wife in 1958.</p><br>
<p>The house was inherited by the Boettcher Foundation. The foundation offered the house to the State of Colorado as an Executive Residence. The building needed a great deal of work, and its fate remained uncertain for nine months in 1959 as three agencies of the State rejected the offer. On the last day of 1959, Governor Stephen McNichols accepted the building as a gift to the state.</p><br>
<p>From then until January, 2011, it has been the residence of Governors Stephen L. R. McNichols, John Love, John D.Vanderhoof, Richard D. Lamm, Roy R. Romer, William Owens, and William Ritter. The building was restored in the 1980s under the direction of Edward D. White Jr. Upon taking office in January 2011, Governor John Hickenlooper and his family decided to maintain their private residence in Denver instead of moving to the Governor&#39;s Mansion, though Hickenlooper did move into the mansion on a part-time basis after he separated from his wife in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Hickenlooper&#39;s successor, Jared Polis, also chose to only live in the mansion on a part-time basis, staying there during legislative sessions while retaining his home in Boulder as his primary residence.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Cheesman-Evans-Boettcher Mansion is a formal, late Georgian Revival house. The building is surrounded by a wrought iron fence with cannonball finials on the brick posts. The walls of the mansion are red brick. There is a white wooden frosting under a hipped roof with prominent gabled dormers. The cornice is pedimented and dentiled. The west side portico has massive, two-story fluted Ionic columns. There is a dramatic entry way with grouped columns that support a porch which becomes a balustraded second-story balcony. The semicircular sunroom was added by suggestion of Mrs. Cheesman in 1915, and it overlooks a small park now known as "Governor&#39;s Park".</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1908.</p><br>
<p>The Kentucky Governor&#39;s Mansion is a historic residence in Frankfort, Kentucky. It is located at the East lawn of the Capitol, at the end of Capital Avenue. On February 1, 1972, it was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1912–14 for use as the governors mansion, according to designs submitted by Weber, Werner & Adkins of Cincinnati, Ohio. The politically connected Weber Brothers, Edward Addison Weber and Christian C. Weber received and handled the commission officially. However, because neither appears to have any architectural or design training, "the actual designer appears to have been John Scudder Adkins (1872-1931), a well-trained and talented St. Louis-born architect who moved to Cincinnati in 1893." Adkins designed several notable commercial and institutional buildings as well as residences throughout the mid-west. John Adkins and G.S. Werner were partners in a firm prior to merging with as the Weber brothers firm. The firm was selected from among four firms invited to submit plans.</p><br>
<p>The new mansion replaced the Old Governors Mansion, built in 1798, which still stands, at 420 High Street, Frankfort. The Act specified that the new mansion should be "constructed, trimmed and finished with native stone produced from quarries in Kentucky." The Beaux-Arts design owed a great deal to the Petit Trianon at Versailles interiors were in neoclassical French taste. The landscaping design for the mansion was developed and implemented by William Speed of Louisville.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, Kentuckys First Lady, Phyllis George Brown, began a fundraising effort called Save the Mansion, designed to fund the restoration of the interior and furnish the building. The restoration project was completed in the spring of 1983. The Governors Mansion Preservation Foundation is a charitable trust that is charged with conservation of the historic structure. The Governor&#39;s Mansion is regularly open for tours.</p><br>
<p>The Mississippi Governors Mansion is the official residence of the governor of Mississippi, who is currently Tate Reeves. It is located in downtown Jackson, Mississippi, south of the Mississippi State Capitol, at the south end of Smith Park. Completed in 1841 to a design by state architect William Nichols, it is the second-oldest governors residence in active use in the nation, and a prominent example of Greek Revival architecture. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975, and was declared a Mississippi Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mississippi Governors Mansion is located three blocks south of the Mississippi State Capitol, on 2.4 acre that take up an entire city block, bounded by East Amite, North Congress, East Capitol, and North West Streets. Its formal entrance is oriented south towards East Capitol Street, while a secondary entrance faces north toward Smith Park, Jacksons oldest public park, which occupies the next city block to the north. It is a two-story masonry structure painted white, basically rectangular in plan. Its front facade is five bays wide, each bay articulated by pilasters with scrolled capitals; bays on the side elevations are separated by doubled pilasters. The center bay is larger, and is fronted by a two-story half-round portico supported by four columns. A full entablature encircles the building, ending in a dentillated cornice below the roof line. The rear entrance, set at the back of a modern two-story ell, is sheltered by a single-story Greek temple portico with four columns, entablature, and gabled pediment.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the mansions original main block contains many original features, although there are also elements that have been reproduced, a product of restoration work after incompatible changes were made to the building in the 19th and 20th centuries. The main entrance leads into an octagonal vestibule with sculpture niches in four walls, entrances to parlors on the sides, and passage to the main stair at the back. The modern wing at the back of the house provides amenities for the governors family, and serves as its living quarters.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was designed by William Nichols, then in his capacity as state architect. Nichols was at the same time supervising the construction of what is now the Old Mississippi State Capitol. Construction was begun in 1839 and completed in 1841; its first occupant was Governor Tilghman Tucker in 1842. It has been used continuously since then as the governors residence, except during periods of renovation; the only older governors residence of longer use is that of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>During the 1860s the building was fitted with gas lighting, which resulted in damage to woodwork and plasterwork, and some of its wooden fireplace surrounds were replaced by marble ones. In the early 20th century there was talk of replacing the mansion, but the state decided instead to renovate and enlarge the structure. A two-story addition was made to the rear in 1908–09, plumbing was added to the main block, and the main stair was rebuilt to accommodate access to the addition. In the 1970s it again needed major refurbishment, owing in part to inadequate support for the 1908 addition. It was torn down, and a new and larger steel-frame addition was made. The interior of the main block underwent some restoration to bring it back to its original early 19th-century appearance, including the removal of visible pipes, while also adding modern conveniences such as air conditioning.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting</h2><br>
<p>The mansion is open for free guided tours most Tuesday through Friday mornings, unless there are official functions or other uses of the building scheduled. Certain types of educational non-profit organizations may hold events at the mansion; a fee is charged.</p><br>
<p>The Missouri Governor&#39;s Mansion is a historic USA residence in Jefferson City, Missouri. It is located at 100 Madison Street. On May 21, 1969, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It is located in the Missouri State Capitol Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The current site on a bluff overlooking the Missouri River was the vicinity of the first Jefferson City Missouri State Capitol building from 1825 to 1837 after the capitol was relocated from St. Charles, Missouri to Jefferson City. The capitol burned in 1837 and was rebuilt at its current site a block to the west.</p><br>
<p>The current Neo-Renaissance structure was built in 1871 at a cost of $75,000 and has served every governor since. It was renovated extensively during the administration of Governor Kit Bond in the 1980s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>First mansion</h3><br>
<p>Prior to the relocation of the state capital to Jefferson City, the first governors who were from the St. Louis, Missouri/St. Charles, Missouri area lived in their private homes and if the need arose they rented homes in St. Charles.</p><br>
<p>The first Jefferson City governor&#39;s mansion also doubled as the home for the Missouri General Assembly, with the Missouri House of Representatives meeting on the ground floor, the Missouri State Senate on the second floor and the governor living in two rooms.</p><br>
<p>The structure, which was 60 by 40 ft, was completed in November 1826 at a cost of $20,000. The building was designed by Stephen Hills and was modeled on the first Pennsylvania State Capitol in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Hill later designed Academic Hall at the University of Missouri (of which now remains only the landmark columns on the Francis Quadrangle.</p><br>
<h3>Second mansion</h3><br>
<p>Missouri&#39;s second governor Daniel Dunklin, after being elected in 1832, refused to move his family to the building. Construction of a new $5,000 mansion began in the autumn of 1833 and was completed in 1834. It was at the end of the same block as the original mansion/capitol. It had dimensions of 48 by 30 ft and a portico with four. The building survived the November 15, 1837 fire that destroyed the neighboring capitol when wet blankets were applied to the roof of the mansion.</p><br>
<p>The mansion suffered a fire in the 1840s during the administration of Thomas Reynolds. Reynolds killed himself in the mansion in 1844. A sofa with pineapple-shaped legs belonging to Reynolds is now one of the oldest pieces of furniture in the current mansion.</p><br>
<p>Governor Robert Marcellus Stewart initiated a campaign to build a new residence. Stewart rode a horse up the steps into the house and ordered a servant to feed it a peck of oats. Stewart also pardoned all the women in the state prison and had them work in the mansion. The General Assembly allocated $20,000 for a new mansion but, the American Civil War interrupted the plan.</p><br>
<h3>Current mansion</h3><br>
<p>After B. Gratz Brown assumed office in 1871, several people said they would not come to large gatherings at the mansion because they feared disaster. In March 1871, the Assembly allocated $50,000 for a new mansion. George Ingham Barnett (whose work includes most of the buildings at the Missouri Botanical Garden built for Henry Shaw) was the architect.</p><br>
<p>Major exterior features of the 66 ft square, three-story red brick building are the 13 ft mansard roof and four pink granite columns from Brown&#39;s quarry in Iron County, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>The most striking interior feature is the Grand Stairway carved of walnut.</p><br>
<p>The first of the major renovations occurred in the 1890s under Governor David Rowland Francis; they included painting the bricks deep red to cover soot stains.</p><br>
<p>The next major renovation occurred under Lloyd C. Stark in which $55,000 was allocated to replace the columns supporting the Grand Stairway with steel brackets. The exterior was painted white and the Starks donated 3,000 plants from their nursery.</p><br>
<p>During Kit Bond’s administration in the 1980s, the mansion was renovated extensively in an attempt to restore it to an 1871 appearance including the addition of Renaissance Revival style of furniture and restoration of the pink brick exterior.</p><br>
<h2>Tours</h2><br>
<p>Free guided tours are provided by volunteer docents. The Missouri Governor&#39;s Mansion tours are open April through mid-May. Reservations can be made through the Missouri State Parks website.</p><br>
<p>The South Carolina Governors Mansion  is a historic USA governors mansion in the Arsenal Hill neighborhood of Columbia, South Carolina and the official residence of the governor of South Carolina. It is a Federal style home influenced by British Colonial plantations. The mansion is located on a single city block, It is located in Columbia Historic District I. The mansion is currently occupied by Governor Henry McMaster and his family.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>1800s</h3><br>
<p>It is unknown who the buildings original architect was, but George Edward Walker, who designed other buildings in the area is believed to have constructed the mansion. The mansion was the only surviving building of the former academy complex. Governor James L. Orr designated the building as the official state governors mansion in 1868. In 1869, $2,500 was used by local architect A. Y. Lee to make the property suitable as an executive residence. However, the money was depleted before the renovation was completed and Governor Robert K. Scott had to relocate into an unfinished house. Since 1868, only three governors of the state have not lived in the mansion, staying instead in their own private residences within Columbia. The first to do so, Daniel Henry Chamberlain, lived in a nearby mansion, most likely because the governor&#39;s mansion was in disrepair. The state leased the official residence to a private family who used it as a boardinghouse. Later, in 1886, Governor John Peter Richardson III donated $2,700 to make significant modifications to the building.</p><br>
<h3>1900s</h3><br>
<p>The building had demonstrated severe structural defects by the end of the 1940s, but only in 1955 did repairs begin, causing George Timmerman and his family to abandon the mansion for one year. The commission purchased the adjacent Lace House for $67,000 in 1968, creating the Governors Mansion Complex. In 1970, the South Carolina state legislature gave the commission the power to review improvements to the complex. In 1977, Ann Edwards, the governors wife, initiated the Governors Mansion Foundation, a not-for-profit organization to raise funds to pay for the mansions historic furnishings. At the same time, the neighboring Caldwell-Boylston House was purchased, which, along with the Lace House, now provides office areas and a meeting and entertainment space. In 1986, all three buildings were connected by a landscaping project, making a 9 acre complex.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, more structural defects were exposed from previous repairs, but plans to renovate yet again were not made quickly. During the term of Carroll A. Campbell, the only significant additions to the complex were that of a new guardhouse and second fountain. The renovation project began while David M. Beasley was governor, but was not completed until 2001, with a total cost of over $6 million, which exceeded the $3.7 million allocated by the state. Governor James H. Hodges became the first governor in 120 years not to live in the mansion in 1999.</p><br>
<h3>2000s</h3><br>
<p>In 2003, Governor Mark Sanford announced that, as a result of a $150,000 budget deficit, the mansion would have to be closed for several months. Sanford said that the state could not afford to pay for the mansion&#39;s employees, utilities, and food. He also accused the previous governor, Jim Hodges, of overspending and ending the employment of prison inmates as butlers and maids (after allegations of sexual misconduct between inmates while working at the mansion in 2001), causing the state to have to pay for 11 employees. He also criticized the former governor for misappropriating $100,000 in other funding for the mansion two days before leaving office. However, Hodges said that the money assigned for the mansion had never been enough and that it was usual to use other funds to help maintain the residence. Sanford supporter John Rainey established a relief fund to help the building stay operational. A local company, Adluh Flour, donated grits and other wheat and corn products to the governor. In 2008, improvements to make the building more energy-efficient were completed.</p><br>
<p>Victor Downtown Historical District is a 22 acre historic district encompassing several blocks of Victor, Colorado which was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The listing included 55 contributing buildings out of 66 buildings in total. The district is bounded roughly by Diamond Avenue, Second, Portland and Fifth Streets.</p><br>
<p>It includes:</p><br>
<p>Page Building (1899), 123 4th Street, a two-story brick commercial building</p><br>
<p>Assay Office/Rooming House (c.1899), 119-121 4th Street, a two-story brick commercial building with brick corbelling and a projecting cornice.</p><br>
<p>Gift Shop (1899), 415 Victor Avenue, a two-story, brick building with a plain boxed cornice and a paneled parapet</p><br>
<p>Boston Building (1900), 410 Victor Avenue, two-story brick commercial building.</p><br>
<p>Midland Terminal Railroad Depot</p><br>
<p>Stratton&#39;s Independence Mine and Mill</p><br>
<p>Victor City Hall</p><br>
<p>Victor Hotel</p><br>
<p>Western Federation of Miners Union Hall</p><br>
<p>The Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum was a psychiatric hospital located in Weston, West Virginia and known by other names such as West Virginia Hospital for the Insane and Weston State Hospital. The asylum was open to patients from October 1864 until May 1994. After its closure, patients were transitioned to the new William R. Sharpe, Jr. Hospital in Weston, named after William R. Sharpe Jr., a member of the West Virginia Senate. The hospital reopened as a tourist location in March 2008.</p><br>
<p>Utilizing the Kirkbride Plan, the hospital was designed by architect Richard Snowden Andrews of Baltimore, Maryland. Construction of the hospital started in 1858 but was not completed until 1881. Originally designed to accommodate 250 patients, it became overcrowded in the 1950s with 2,400 patients. The asylum was sold at auction in 2007 and is open for tours and other events to raise money for its restoration. The main building of the hospital is said to be one of the largest hand-cut stonemasonry buildings in the United States and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The construction of the Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum was authorized by the Virginia General Assembly. An appointed Board of Directors was tasked with the purchase of a pre-approved parcel of land near the West Fork River, which at the time was still considered the state of Virginia. Most of the building materials were sourced nearby, most notably the blue sandstone from a quarry in Mt. Clare, West Virginia and because of this, skilled stonemasons from Germany and Ireland were employed.</p><br>
<p>Construction was interrupted by the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861. Following the secession of the State of Virginia from the United States, the government demanded the return of the hospitals unused construction funds for its defense. However, before this could occur, the 7th Ohio Volunteer Infantry seized the money from a local bank, delivering it to Wheeling. This money was to set aside for use by the Virginia government who remained loyal to the Union, also known as the Restored Government of Virginia. These funds were designated as a “start-up treasury” for what would become a new Union State. Funding was appropriated from this established treasury for the hospitals continued construction in 1862.</p><br>
<p>While construction was attempted during the war, the grounds and buildings were often occupied by both Union and Confederate military and building supplies were taken by Confederate raiders. central clock tower was completed in 1871, and separate rooms for black people were completed in 1873. The hospital was intended to be self-sufficient, and a farm, dairy, waterworks, and cemetery were located on its grounds.</p><br>
<p>Patients were admitted into the asylum for a variety of reasons including asthma, laziness, egotism, domestic troubles, and even greediness. This led to an overwhelming number of patients being admitted, causing the asylum to face a shortage of staff and beds.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>A gas well was drilled on the hospital grounds in 1902. Its name was again changed to Weston State Hospital in 1913.</p><br>
<p>Originally designed to house 250 patients in solitude, the hospital held 717 patients by 1880; 1,661 in 1938; over 1,800 in 1949; at its peak, 2,600 in the 1950s in overcrowded conditions. A 1938 report by a survey committee organized by a group of North American medical organizations found that the hospital housed "epileptics, alcoholics, drug addicts and non-educable mental defectives" among its population. A series of reports by The Charleston Gazette in 1949 found poor sanitation and insufficient furniture, lighting, and heating in much of the complex, while one wing, which had been rebuilt using Works Progress Administration funds following a 1935 fire started by a patient, was comparatively luxurious.</p><br>
<p>The lack of proper care and access to sanitation led to a large number of deaths at the asylum. While the official count of patients who have died in the asylum is not available, research is currently underway to determine an accurate count. Weston State Hospital expert and historian, Titus Swan, estimates the number to be in or above the five figure range.</p><br>
<p>Weston State Hospital found itself to be the home for the West Virginia Lobotomy Project in the early 1950s. This was an effort by the state of West Virginia and Walter Freeman to use lobotomy to reduce the number of patients in asylums because there was severe overcrowding.</p><br>
<p>By the 1980s, the hospital had a reduced population due to changes in the treatment of mental illness. Those patients who could not be controlled were often locked in cages. In February 1986, then-Governor Arch Moore announced plans to build a new psychiatric facility elsewhere in the state and convert the Weston hospital to a prison. Moore authorized work to begin on the prison conversion, but the state found the move to be unconstitutional and work was suspended. Ultimately the new facility, the William R. Sharpe Jr. Hospital, was built in Weston and the old Weston State Hospital closed in May 1994. The closure came by court order due in part to a class action lawsuit filed by family members of patients. The building and its grounds have since been mostly vacant, aside from local events such as fairs, church revivals, and tours. In 1999, all four floors of the interior of the building were damaged by several off duty city, county and state police officers playing paintball, three of whom were dismissed over the incident.</p><br>
<p>Efforts towards adaptive reuse of the building have included proposals to convert the building into a Civil War Museum and a hotel and golf course complex. A non-profit 501(c)3 organization, the Weston Hospital Revitalization Committee, was formed in 2000 for the purpose of aiding the preservation of the building and finding appropriate tenants.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>The hospital was auctioned by the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources on August 29, 2007. Joe Jordan, an asbestos demolition contractor from Morgantown, was the high bidder and paid $1.5 million for the 242,000 ft&sup2; building. Bidding started at $500,000. Joe Jordan has also begun maintenance projects on the former hospital grounds. In October 2007, a Fall Fest was held at the Weston State Hospital. Guided historic and paranormal daytime tours were offered as well as evening ghost hunts and paranormal tours.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The former facility was featured as a haunted location on several paranormal television shows, including Ghost Stories, Syfys Ghost Hunters, Travel Channels Ghost Adventures, and Paranormal Lockdown on Destination America/TLC as well as Portals to Hell and Sam and Colby and most recently Travel Channel&#39;s Destination Fear and Conjuring Kesha.</p><br>
<p>The facility is featured in Bethesda Game Studios 2018 video game Fallout 76, under the name "Fort Defiance," acting as a base for The Brotherhood of Steel, one of the games main factions.</p><br>
<p>The facility is featured in episode 60 of the podcast Lore.</p><br>
<p>Daniel Johnston, a songwriter, musician, and artist, and featured in the documentary The Devil and Daniel Johnston, was a patient at the hospital during the late 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The facility is featured on Expedition X, released on the Discovery Channel in August 2024.</p><br>
<p>Stratton&#39;s Independence Mine and Mill is a historic gold mining site near Victor, Colorado on the south slope of Battle Mountain. Between late 1893 and April 1899, approximately 200,000 ounces  of gold was removed from the Independence Mine.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the spring of 1891 W. S. Stratton persuaded Leslie Popejoy to grubstake him in the Cripple Creek District in return for half the profits. Stratton staked two claims on the south slope of Battle Mountain on July 4, 1891. He called the two claims the Independence and the Washington in honor of the holiday. Stratton quickly sold his house and two lots, one in Denver and one in Colorado Springs, so that he could buy out Popejoy&#39;s share. His reason: some assays from the Independence lode showed a value of $380 per ton gold.</p><br>
<p>One boulder from the Independence mine brought $60,000, which Stratton used to sink a chute. In doing so he tapped directly into a rich vein.</p><br>
<p>The next year, in 1892, Stratton also hit gold in the Washington mine.</p><br>
<p>Stratton became the Cripple Creek District&#39;s first millionaire.</p><br>
<p>When Cripple Creek miners went on strike in 1894, Stratton&#39;s Independence mine and the Portland mine came to an agreement with them, against the wishes of other mine owners.</p><br>
<p>Stratton had incorporated the Portland company and was its first president and largest stockholder.</p><br>
<p>Stratton developed a theory that the gold veins in the Cripple Creek District converged at a great depth, roughly in the shape of a goblet. This theory did not pan out, however.</p><br>
<p>The mining companies became concerned about ore theft, and in 1897 they began hiring the services of Pinkerton agents.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 Stratton sold the Independence mine to the Venture Corporation of London for $10 million. The Venture Corporation incorporated the property as Stratton&#39;s Independence Ltd and sold shares on the London stock exchange. The ore reserves were discovered to be less than previously thought in late 1900, and the share price crashed. Venture Corporation sued Stratton, claiming that the mine had been salted. Stratton died in 1902, but his estate defeated the lawsuit.</p><br>
<p>In May 1900, two Western Federation of Miners (WFM) union representatives checked for union membership cards at the Independence mine. Approximately a hundred miners belonged to the union, and six or eight did not. One of the union representatives talked to the miners, who echoed the union rep&#39;s view that they would prefer not to work alongside non-union workers. Mine Superintendent Summers talked the non-union men into joining the union in order to promote harmony in the workforce.</p><br>
<p>In September 1900, the Independence mine was the first mine in the district to introduce a new stripping order requiring all underground workers to undress in one room of a change house and walk into another room in the nude while a guard observed. This was to take place at start and end of each shift. The new rule was implemented to prevent high grading (theft of gold ore) by the mine workers.</p><br>
<p>Five hundred miners met at Victor&#39;s Armory Hall, and they decided that while they would help stop ore thieves, they refused to work under the stripping rule. A compromise was reached which allowed the miners to strip to their undergarments. But the miners were unhappy. After the new practice was in place for about a month, a Pinkerton searched the miners at the end of a shift. No ore was found, and the miners walked out.</p><br>
<p>Three days later, Independence mine manager A.H. Shipman met with the WFM Executive Board. He ultimately agreed to abolish the Pinkerton guard system, to appoint a guard for the change rooms from candidates the union proposed, and to accept a closed shop. Under the agreement, any miner suspected of high-grading could be searched by a fellow union member in the presence of a watchman. Shipman also announced that he would support membership in the WFM by miners in return for the union&#39;s help in stopping the practice of high grading.</p><br>
<p>In 1902 the miners at the Independence mine bought diamond rings for Shipman, who had negotiated the closed shop, for Superintendent Sam Lobb, and for Assistant Manager R.J. Grant. The miners and the managers enjoyed a "little smoking session" at Shipman&#39;s home after the presentation.</p><br>
<h3>Colorado Labor Wars</h3><br>
<p>In 1903 there was a major strike by the Western Federation of Miners. Many miners throughout the Cripple Creek District walked out of any mines that were shipping ore to the mills at Colorado City, in order to support a strike by the mill workers there.</p><br>
<h4>Cage mishap kills fifteen</h4><br>
<p>On the night of January 26, 1904, non-union replacement workers were coming off shift in the Independence Mine when the cage that they were riding in had a serious mishap. The cage was drawn into the sheave wheel at the top of the shaft. The cable that supported the cage was severed, and the cage fell. Fifteen miners fell into the shaft, 1500 feet deep.</p><br>
<p>The investigation focused on safety arrangements, and the qualifications of the hoisting engineer. One miner, James Bullock, survived the accident. His testimony to the coroner&#39;s jury describes the disaster:</p><br>
<p>... We kept going right along but it kept slipping; we would go a little ways and then we would slip again; then he took us about six feet above the collar of the shaft, then he lowered us back down.</p><br>
<p>Q. Did he stop six feet above the shaft?</p><br>
<p>A. He stopped just for a second or two; then he lowered us and it must have gotten beyond his control, for we dropped about sixty or seventy feet, we were going pretty. We said to each other we are all gone. Then he raised us up about ten feet; then he stopped us and it slipped back again, and we went to the sheave wheel as fast as we could go. When I was going up there, I began to crouch to save myself from the hard blow. I seen a piece of timber about one foot wide, and I grabbed hold and held myself up there and pretty soon the cage dropped and I began to holler for a ladder to get down.</p><br>
<p>The hoisting engineer&#39;s testimony is also quite descriptive of the incident:</p><br>
<p>I tried several times, but that time the cage was at the collar of the shaft. I immediately reversed the engine and sent the cage back 100 feet. I again tried the brakes, reversed the engine, and brought the cage back to the surface. The brake was still stuck; I could not move it. I again reversed the engine and sent the cage back about the same distance and stepped over to the other side and took hold of the other brake, and it was in the same condition. The second time the cage came to the surface, I called three times for the shift boss, for God&#39;s sake come and help me put on the brakes. In the meantime, I was reversing the engine backwards and forwards. Mr. MacDonald came and two other men with him. I said come up and help me put on the brakes, and then I discovered the hood of the cage above the collar of the shaft. I immediately reversed the engine, but it was too late.</p><br>
<p>The coroners jury found the brakes had been inspected six hours before the accident, and the brakes were working after the accident. The coroners jury questioned another hoisting engineer from the Stratton Mine about the qualifications of the engineer operating the hoist. They learned that "the employer had taken the man&#39;s word – nothing more – as to his qualifications. The engineer involved in the fatal accident, however, had been recommended by a former employer."</p><br>
<p>The coroners report stated that the engineer had lost control because of managements negligence, having failed to properly install a safety device to prevent overwinding. Also, the disk brakes on the hoisting engine had been detached.</p><br>
<p>The Western Federation of Miners echoed the coroner&#39;s charge of mismanagement. Although the property was at that time guarded by soldiers and enclosed by the main militia encampment, providing no access to union members, management accused the union of tampering with the machinery.</p><br>
<p>One hundred and sixty-eight non-union men reportedly quit the Independence Mine because of the incident.</p><br>
<p>Just a few months later, after several violent incidents occurred in the district, the WFM was driven out by force of arms in a struggle that came to be called the Colorado Labor Wars.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Washington claim is within granite, while the Independence is within a breccia, which was a better gold producer. The Independence shaft reached 70 feet by 1894 and was producing 800 tons of ore per month, with 3.5 ounces of gold per ton. In 1895, the shaft reached 300 feet, and was producing 90 tons per month. The shaft was down to 900 feet by 1897 when Venture Corporation Ltd. purchased the property. Phonolite dikes permeate both the granite and the breccia. "In many places ore occurs in phonolite dikes, nearly always as calaverite in very narrow fissures associated with fluorite and quartz as gangue".</p><br>
<p>The S. D. Warren Paper Mill is a paper mill on the Presumpscot River in Westbrook, Maine. It is now owned by SAPPI Limited, a South African paper concern. It is one of Westbrooks major employers. The mill complex and former worker and management housing associated with the mills operation in the 19th century were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 as the Cumberland Mills Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Warren paper mill is a large sprawling industrial complex spanning the Presumpscot River just north of Cumberland Street in central eastern Westbrook. The mill was named Grant, Warren and Company. In that year, the mill was only running two paper machines and had a production output of about 3,000 pounds of paper per day. Nine years later in 1863, an additional machine was added to the mill, and the production increased to 11,000 pounds per day.</p><br>
<p>In 1854, paper was made by beating down rags and using the pulp from the rags. In 1867, after the mill changed its name to S. D. Warren Paper Mill Company, Warren decided to add wood fibers with rags fibers for paper. It was the first mill in the United States to do so. The mill became the largest in the world. By 1880, the mill produced 35,000 pounds of paper per day.</p><br>
<p>Warren died in 1888 and was succeeded by his son, also Samuel D. Warren II, who managed the business until his death in 1910. The mill continued to grow through the 20th century, employing close to 3,000 Westbrook residents. Scott Paper Company diversified operations through purchase of S. D. Warren in 1967. Scott Paper company operated the S.D. Warren Company as a wholly owned subsidiary until 1994, when it sold this leading producer of light-weight and heavy-weight coated papers. In 1995, SAPPI Limited, a paper company based in South Africa paid $300 million for the mill and outsourced most of the work in the mill to South Africa. The mill now only employs about 300 people, but continues to be a presence in the city of Westbrook.</p><br>
<p>The mill property and a number of surrounding properties were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Included in this listing were the mill itself, a row of Shingle style worker housing on Brown Street (from designs by John Calvin Stevens and Andrew Jackson Downing), and the elaborate Queen Anne Victorian home of Warren&#39;s son John, located across Cumberland Street from the mill.</p><br>
<h2>Rail facilities</h2><br>
<p>Cumberland Mills was served by the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad (later Maine Central Railroad) and the Portland and Rochester Railroad (later Boston and Maine Railroad). Horse-drawn wagons transferred freight between the mill and the railroads. The wagons rode on narrow gauge rails after 1874. Steam locomotives replaced the horses in 1895. The first three locomotives weighed 7 tons each, and carried 200 gallons of water. The locomotives were originally oil fueled; but were converted to burn coal after three employees died in an oil fire during refueling in 1921. Pulpwood was transported into the mill in 20-foot-long cars carrying 2 cords of pulpwood. There were 110 pulpwood cars in 1938 and the mill consumed 180 cords of pulpwood per day. Narrow gauge locomotives transferred 250 tons of coal per day to the mill boilers and transported ash from the boilers to a disposal pile.</p><br>
<p>The mill also used standard gauge locomotives after spur tracks were extended onto the mill property. The last standard gauge locomotive was sold to the Maine Central Railroad when Portland Terminal Company took over millyard switching work in 1929. The last gauge locomotives were sold in 1949 after conveyor systems were constructed to transport materials formerly moved in narrow gauge cars.</p><br>
<h3>Locomotives</h3><br>
